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Biology Notes for Unit #5: Kingdom Animalia (The Invertebrates) Kingdom Animalia is thought to have evolved from… ______________________________ I. Animal Characteristics 1. Multicellular - _____________________ 2. Eukaryotic - ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Heterotrophic – ____________________________ herbivores – _________________________ carnivores - _________________________ omnivores - _________________________ parasites - __________________________ filter feeders - ______________________ saprotrophs/detrivores – _______________ 4. Lack cell walls 5. Specialization (specialized cells for all animals and specialized tissues for most animals) How are specialized cells advantageous/beneficial to an animal? ________________________________ How are specialized cells disadvantageous to an animal? ______________________________________ 6. Animals store their extra glucose in large molecules termed… ____________________________________ 7. Sexual and/or Asexual Reproduction – Diploid/somatic (2n) cells are always dominant (greater in #) to the haploid/sex (n) cells. 8. All animals undergo embryonic development starting w/a zygote, then through the blastula & gastrula stages. 1 Explanation of the Phylogenetic Tree of Animal Characteristics 1. Symmetry – The arrangement of body parts around a central axis. a) Asymmetry – __________________________________________ b) Radial Symmetry – Can be divided into equal parts at many planes along the central axis (like a pizza) - Found predominately in sessile (low or no mobility) animal species. - Radially symmetrical animals possess oral (mouth) and aboral (away from mouth) regions. ? Why is it advantageous for sessile organisms to have radial symmetry? _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ c) Bilateral Symmetry – Anterior Ventral - Posterior Dorsal – Cephalization – The concentration of nerves and sensory tissue/organs at the anterior portion of bilateral organisms (possesses a head). Label the body regions on the squirrel 2. Embryological Development a) Fertilization Egg (n) + Sperm (n) = Zygote (2n) Zygote divides & grows in # of cells by the process of somatic cell reproduction (mitosis) into 2-4-8-16-32-64 cells. b) Morula – The 64-cells stage of development that takes the shape of a solid ball. c) Blastula – The 64-cells stage of development that takes the shape of a hollow ball (like a soccer ball with air). d) Gastrula – A growing (128+ cells) and indented (like a deflated soccer ball) hollow group of cells (former blastula). The gastrula stage of development triggers the beginning of specialization. Genes are being turned on or off in the developing animal to form three germ layers. Germ layers and general descriptions below Endoderm – Will develop into the tissues/organs of the digestive (food & water) and respiratory (air) tracts. Ectoderm – Will develop into the tissues/organs of body covering (feathers, fur, claws, skin) & nervous system. Mesoderm – Will develop into the tissues/organs of muscles and skeleton (not found in Porifera or Cnidaria). ??? Advantages/Disadvantages of body plans Slides of embryology= Kat 2 1 _______________________________________________ 2 _____________________________________ 3 _____________________________________ 4 _____________________________________ 5 _____________________________________ 6 _____________________________________ 7 _____________________________________ 3. Body Cavity – Fluid filled spaces that lie between the digestive tract and the body wall. Body cavities provide a space for organs to grow and move without being twisted or crushed during body movement. Body cavities, being lined by membranes, isolates infection & specific organ functions. Acoelomates – Animals lacking a body cavity (Porifera – sponges, Cnidaria – jellyfish, Platyhelminthes – flatworms). Pseudocoelomates – Animals with a cavity located between the mesoderm & endoderm (Nematodes - roundworms). Eucoelomates – Animals that have a body cavity that develops within the mesoderm (all other animals). * Create a color key and color the germ layers and body cavity in all 3 diagrams below Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Digestive Coelom Tube/Gut 3 4. Coelom Formation a) Protostomes (1st mouth) – Blastopore (area of indent of gastrula) becomes the mouth (Cnidaria→Arthropods). b) Deuterostomes (2nd mouth) – Blastopore becomes the anus (Echinoderms and Chordates). Color the developing organisms using the colors indicated below. ) 6. Development Direct development – Offspring are smaller versions of an adult. Examples - ____________________________________ Indirect development (metamorphosis) – Offspring undergo physical changes before becoming an adult. Incomplete metamorphosis (egg→larvae/nymph→adult) – Larvae will have a similar body form to the adult, but will lack sexual organs & adult structures (like wings). Complete metamorphosis (egg→larvae→pupa→adult) – The developing organism (larvae) will undergo dramatic changes during the pupa stage and will differ in shape and diet from the adult. ? How is metamorphosis an advantageous adaptation? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 4 II. Invertebrate Phyla Phylogenetic Tree of Animal Characteristics (with representative phyla) ____________________ (Porifera – sponges) _____________________ (Cnidaria - jellyfish) _____________________ (Platyhelminthes) _____________________ (Nematodes – roundworms) __________________ Kingdom ____________________ Symmetry _____________________ (Mollusks, Annelids, Arthropods Echinoderms, Chordates) Body Cavity ______________________ (Cnidaria→Arthropods) _______________________ (Echinoderms & Chordates Coelom Development Invertebrates lack a vertebral column/backbone. There are 35 invertebrate phyla. Eight of the most common invertebrate phyla will be discussed in some detail. Make up more than 95% of all animal species. 1. Phylum Porifera (“pore bearer”, Examples: sponges – 5,100+ species) Key evolutionary advance = ___________________________ Asymmetrical acoelomates Possess no tissues or organs. Reproduce sexually or asexually Hydrostatic skeleton- ___________________________________________________________________ 5 Possess high regeneration (regrowth) abilities. Most live in marine environments. The multi-colored sponges can live alone or in colonies. Sessile as an adult and mobile as a larvae. The larvae are morphologically (shaped) different from the adult. Sponges benefit man as a commercial sponge (scrubber), a producer of antibiotics that kill bacteria , chemicals affecting arthritis and some cancers. Sponges also serve as habitats for small invertebrates. 2. Phylum Cnidaria (Examples: sea anenomes, coral, jellyfish, hydra, sea fans – 11,000+ species) Key evolutionary advance = ___________________________________________________ Cnidarians possess radial symmetry with tissues, and may live alone (jellyfish) or in colonies (coral) Acoelomate with two germ layers (ectoderm & endoderm) which surrounds the mesoglea (jelly-like substance). Possess a nerve net to respond to stimuli in their environment like light, movement, touch, and gravity. All Cnidarians live in water, most are marine. Many have tentacles or arms with cnidocytes (stinging cells). Cnidocytes possess Cnydocysts (stingers) to capture live prey, making cnidarians carnivores. Some Cnidarians (corals) live symbiotically with photo-synthetic organisms to obtain energy in nutrient poor waters. The very thin Cnidarians move water, nutrients, and waste products through their body via diffusion. They have a hydrostatic skeleton Reproduction may be sexual or asexual. Life forms include one or both of the following stages: Polyp – sessile stage, mouth on top (coral) Medusa – mobile stage, mouth on bottom (jellyfish) 3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (“flatworms”, Examples: planarians, flukes, and tapeworms.– 20,000+ species) Key evolutionary advance = ______________________________________________________ Flatworms possess bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and organs. Flatworms are unsegmented acoelomates with all three germ layers. Most are parasitic and/or carnivores (flukes & tapeworms). 6 Without circulatory or respiratory systems, flatworms move nutrients, water, oxygen, and waste via diffusion and an extensive digestive cavity. Flatworms do possess primitive systems including a one-way digestive tract with a mouth and an anus. They have a hydrostatic skeleton Platyhelminthes possess a primitive nervous system that detects movement, light, food, and chemicals. Most flatworms are hermaphrodites, possessing both male & female sexual structures. Some reproduce asexually. 4. Phylum Nematoda (“roundworms”, Examples: human parasites Trichnella, Ascaris, hookworms, & pinworms. Also C. elegans used extensively in scientific research – 12,000+ species) Key evolutionary advance = _____________________________________________________________ Nematodes are unsegmented roundworms which taper at their ends, and exhibit cephalization. Nematodes possess bilateral symmetry, a hydrostatic skeleton and are pseudocoelomates. Many are parasitic, others are free-living carnivores in soil, mud, fresh and salt water ecosystems. Nematodes show separate sexes with sexual and asexual reproduction occurring in different species. 5. Phylum Mollusca (“soft-bodied” with one or more shells - 110,000+ species) Key evolutionary advance = _______________________________________________________________ Mollusks are the least advanced of the eucoelomates, possess bilateral symmetry, have a hydrostatic or exoskeleton skeleton, and are protostomes. All 3 classes of Mollusca Gastropods (snail, slug) – Use a muscular foot to crawl, their mantle often secretes a single, hard shell. They are herbivores. Bivalves (oyster, clam, scallop) – Secrete a two-part shell w/a hinge. Bivalves filter feed. Cephalopods (octopus, squid) – Have a modified mantle cavity to create jet propulsion for rapid movement. Mollusks possess respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive, nervous, and circulatory (open) systems. mollusks have a basic body plan consisting of three parts: Head – Contains sense organs Visceral Mass – Internal organs Foot – For movement 7 Open Circulatory system – A system in which blood is not always contained within blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries). Closed Circulatory system – A system in which blood is contained within blood vessels. Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System 6. Phylum Annelida (“segmented worms”, Examples: bristle worms, earthworms, and leeches – 12,000+ species) Key evolutionary advance = _____________________________ Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, have a hydrostatic skeleton, are eucoelomates, and protostomes. All but one annelid species possess bristle-like structures called setae along their ventral region used to move. 7. Phylum Arthropoda (“jointed feet”, Examples: insects, spiders, ticks, crabs, and centipedes - 1 million + species) Key evolutionary advance = _____________________ _____________________________ Arthropods possess bilateral symmetry, are eucolemates, and undergo protostome development. Arthropods have segmented bodies with paired appendages attached to each segment. There is much variation among the arthropods as it pertains to their appendages. Some appendages have increased in size, while others have decreased in size or been lost over time. Appendages include mouth parts, tails, wings, flippers, claws, antennae, walking legs, etc. Arthropods possess an exoskeleton made of protein and the carbohydrate chitin which serves several functions. _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Molting – The process of periodically shedding the hard exoskeleton allowing the arthropod to grow. Molting makes the arthropod susceptible to… ______________________and ___________________. Insects – Insects possess a distinct head, thorax (chest), and abdomen. Insects possess 1 pair of antennae (touch, smell, hear), pairs of jointed legs, 1 or 2 pairs of wings (usually 2), and 11 segments on their abdomen. Entomologist – Scientist who studies insects. 1 million + have been classified, up to 30 million may exist. 8 List 3 ways in which insects positively affect humans and 3 ways they negatively affect humans: Positives Negatives 1. ________________________________________ 1. _____________________________________ 2. ________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________ 3. ________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________ Insects are the most successful animals on the earth. There success comes via their short life span (quick reproduction and fast adaptation), small size (able to live in any sized habitat), and flight (ability to evade predators and move to a wide range of habitats). Insects communicate in many ways and for a variety of reasons; sound (crickets – talk to potential mates), light (fireflies signaling potential mates), chemicals (pheromones to signal alarm, attract mates, indicate direction). 7 8. Phylum Echinodermata (“spiny-skinned”, Examples: sea stars, sand dollars, sea cucumber & urchins, 6,000+ species) Key evolutionary advance = ______________________________________________________________ Examples include seastar, brittlestar, feather star, sea lily, sand dollar, sea cucumber & sea urchin. Echinoderms are mostly marine, eucoelomates, and deuterostomes (blastopore becomes the anus). Echinoderms undergo a metamorphosis from a free-swimming, bilaterally symmetrical larvae to a bottom-dwelling adult with radial symmetry. Most echinoderms have pentaradial symmetry (arms or tentacles in multiples of 5). Because echinoderm larvae are bilaterally symmetrical, scientists infer that they evolved from bilaterally symmetrical ancestors. The fossil record also indicates that the early adult forms of the ancient echinoderms were probably sessile and not free-living as most modern forms are. Scientists infer that radial symmetry in the adults evolved to adapt to this sessile existence. Echinoderms possess an endoskeleton (____________ ______________). Echinoderms possess no circulatory (blood), respiratory (lungs or gills), or excretory (waste management) systems. The functions of circulation, respiration, and waste management are performed by the water-vascular system. Echinoderms have primitive digestive and nervous systems with no brain or head. Echinoderms have separate sexes but can reproduce sexually or asexually. Female sea stars produce up to 200 million eggs in one season. After external fertilization (sperm swims to egg outside the body) the bilateral, free-swimming larvae settles to the bottom of their water source (ocean, sea). After 2 years metamorphosis begins. The bilateral larva morphs/changes into a radially symmetrical adult. Asexual reproduction in sea stars occurs if a sea star is torn apart and contains a piece of the central disk. 9 Invertebrate Phyla Compare & Contrast Data Table Characteristics Porifera (Pore Bearer) Cnidaria (Stinging Cells) Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Nematoda (Round Worms) Mollusca (Soft Bodied) Annelida (Little Rings) Arthropoda (Jointed Feet) Echinodermata (Spiny Skinned) Key Evolutionary Advance Multicellularity Jointed Appendages Body Cavity (true) Examples Nutrition Symmetry Germ Layers Carnivores Parasitic Parasitic Detrivore Sea Stars Sea Cucumbers Sand Dollars Bilateral-Larvae Asymmetrical Ectoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Endoderm Coelom Type Detrivore Exoskeleton Insects Spider-Ticks Lobster-Crabs Carnivore Herbivore Parasitic Acoelomate Acoelomate Absent Absent Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Pseudocoelomate Radial-Adult Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Eucoelomate Coelom Development Reproduction: Asexual Budding Fission -splitting Gemmules Reproduction: Sexual Miscellaneous High Regeneration Polyp – Sessile Medus – Mobile Mostly Marine All aquatic & most are marine No Tissues Mobile larvae Sessile Adult Internal transport via diffusion Hermaphrodite: Egg & Sperm Formation Unsegmented Separate Sexes Internal Transport via diffusion Tapered Ends 1-way digestion w/mouth & anus Unsegmented Incredibly numerous in soil None None Regeneration Segmentation Most Marine Molt – Growth Water Vascular System – waste, circulation, respiraton Hermaphrodite Separate Sexes Foot – Mobility Head – Senses Visceral MassOrgans Open circulatory Setae – Mobility Most Common Gene research use 10