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Socialization Chapter 3 What is Human Nature? Nature(heredity) versus nurture (social environment) Social Environment- the entire human environment, including direct contact w/ others Feral Children Def- children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from other humans ‘The wild boy of Aveyron’ was found in the forests of France, taken to a lab & studied He ‘walked’ on all fours, growled at small animals & devoured them uncooked Isolated Children Children who grow up isolated from human contact Isabelle was locked in the attic w/ her deaf mother. She was found at 6 & a half (with no language skills) & went through intense therapy, able to live out the rest of her life normally Without language, there can be no culture- no shared way of life-& culture is the key to what people become Institutionalized Children What else is necessary for healthy development? Studies were done on children in orphanages They had difficulty establishing close ties & had lower than average I.Q.s The study showed that those infants who were assigned someone to care for & love them had higher IQs & had more success in life. Whereas those left at the orphanage did far worse The study was repeated in India w/ the same results. They added play & interaction to the activities for the children which increased the IQs even more The Case of Genie Genie was locked in a small room, by her father, from the time she was 20mths to the age of 13. (her father may have caused the death of 2 of her siblings) When found she couldn’t speak, didn’t know how to chew, was unable to stand upright, & couldn’t straighten her hands or legs. She had the intelligence of a 1 yr. old After intense training she learned to walk, learned primitive language, took what ever she wanted, & went to the bathroom wherever she wanted. She was moved to an institution. What does Genie tell us? Language & human bonding MUST take place before age 13 for it to effect their intelligence, ability to be sociable, & follow norms Studies w/ animals showed that isolation for more than 6 mths. had a profound negative effect on animals. There is a critical stage of learningif it is missed it may be impossible to overcome Socialization into the Self & Mind Socialization- the process of which people learn that characteristics of their group- the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, & actions thought appropriate for them Self- the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves ‘from the outside’; the views we internalize of how others see us Looking-Glass Self Def- refers to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others’ reaction to us. Developed by Cooley 3 Elements We imagine how we appear to those around us We interpret others’ reactions We develop a self-concept Although the self-concept begins in childhood, its development is an ongoing, lifelong process Mead & Role Taking Take the role of the other- putting oneself in someone else’s shoes; understanding how someone else feels & thus anticipating how that person will act. Developed in childhood Significant others- individuals who significantly influence our lives. First people that children role pay as. Generalized Other- the norms, values, attitudes, & expectations of people, ‘in general’; the child’s ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self 3 stages in taking the role of others 1. Imitation- children under 3 2. Play- from age 3-6 - take on the role of a specific person (Superman, Wonder Woman, etc) using costumes 3. Games- Organized play, learn to take multiple roles. ex. Baseball The I and me The I is the self as subject- the active, spontaneous, creative part The me is the self as object- made up of attitudes we internalize from our interactions w/others Ex. I shoved him. He shoved me. Piaget & Development Studied the ability to reason & how we learn it 4 stages of development of reasoning 1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2) Understanding limited to direct contact w/ environment with the senses. Do not recognize cause & effect 2. Preoperational Stage (2-7) Develop the ability to use symbols, do not understand size, speed, perspective Concrete Operational (7-12) Understand numbers, causation, speed, able to take they role of others, participate in team games. Cannot describe things w/out concrete examples Formal Operational (>12) Capable of abstract thinking, concepts, come to conclusions based on general principles & use rules to solve abstract problems Piaget’s theory is not as distinct as he concluded it is being refined A basic structure underlies the way we develop reasoning, and children all over the world begin with concrete & move to the abstract Social experiences can modify these stages. Some argue that those who attend college can think more abstractly than those who do not Freud & Personality Development Id- Freud’s term for our inborn basic drives that cause us to seek selfgratification Runs into roadblock- the needs of others Ego- Freud’s term for a balancing force b/w the id and the demands of society Superego- Freud’s term for the conscience, the internalized norms & values of our social groups The moral component of the personality The Superego provides feelings of guilt or shame when we break social rules, or pride & selfsatisfaction when we follow them If a person is maladjusted the id or superego dominates the person leading to internal confusion & problem behaviors Sociological Evaluation of Freud Freud’s theory deny that factors like social class & interaction underlie behavior Development of Morality Kohlberg’s Theory1. Amoral stage (no right or wrong just personal needs) 2. Preconventional stage- ages 7-10learned the rules & follow them to stay out of trouble, concern is to avoid punishment, right & wrong is based on what pleases or displeases parents, friends, adults; 3. Conventional stage- over age 10, morality is defined as following norms & values; "Heinz Steals the Drug In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that? (Kohlberg, 1963)." 4. Postconventional Stage- most people never reach- individuals reflect on abstract principles of right & wrong & judge a behavior according to these principles Gender Differences in Morality Since Gohlberg used only boys, Gilligan decided to find out if there were differences b/w men & women in how they looked at morality Women were more likely to evaluate morality in terms of personal relationships- how actions affect others, more concerned w/ personal loyalties & w/ the harm that might come to loved ones Men tend to think more along the lines of abstract principles that define what is right or wrong. An action either matches or violates a code of ethics & personal relationships have little to do w/ it When her research was tested it was found that both men & women use personal relationships & abstract principles to make moral judgments- causing her to change her original position However, some researchers have found differences in how men & women make moral judgments- so the debate goes oneno one has used sociological research with morality Socialization into Emotions Facial expressions to emotions are universal- linked to biology Expressing Emotions are a matter of socialization Ex. In the US it is more acceptable for women to express their emotions than for men. People of different classes have different greetings in seeing a long absent friend. You are more likely to show emotions when you are with people you are closer to rather than w/strangers Socialization also affects what we feel. Other cultures have different or more emotions or different words for these emotions Social Mirror- the result of socialized into a self and emotions Your experiences in life results in thinking along certain lines & feeling certain emotions Ex. You think about how others will react if you do certain things Socialization into Gender Gender socialization- the ways which society sets children onto different courses in life because they are male & female By expecting different attitudes & behaviors b/c of gender groups nudge boys & girls in separate directions in life Gender messages from parents Parents tend to be more protective of girls, allow/expect boys to get dirtier & roam further Gender Messages from Peers Peer group- a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests Reinforces the process set up by parents Ex. It isn’t ‘cool’ for boys to play w/ Barbies Gender Messages from the Mass Media Mass Media- forms of communication such as radio, newspapers, and TV that are directed to mass audiences Gender Roles- the behaviors & attitudes considered appropriate b/c one is a male or female Advertising- average US child watches 20,000 commercials a year. Those aimed a children show cooperative girls at home & aggressive boys in other places. Girls are more likely to be portrayed as giggly & less capable. Adult men are portrayed as dominate & rugged, women as sexy & submissive. Results in stereotyping. Television- TV reinforces stereotypes. In primetime male characters outnumber females. Males are portrayed in higher-status positions. Women athletes receive less coverage than men. Stereotype-breaking charactersXena: Warrior Princess, Buffy, the Vampire Slayer, Alias, Kim Possible, Powerpuff Girls. However these ‘powerful’ female characters are all skinny, pretty, & fashion conscience sending a mixed message Video Games- the average American spends 75 hrs. a year playing video games. The influence of gender in video games is currently being studied. However, most women in video games are seen a sexual first all else is secondary Social inequality- a social condition in which privileges & obligations are given to some but denied to others. Gender still serves as the primary basis for social inequality. Agents of Socialization Def- people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations towards life. The Family- the 1st group to have a major lifelong impact on us. Most of the ways parents teach children about expected differences in gender involves nonverbal cues. The Family & Social Class Researchers discovered that socialization depends on a family’s social class Ex. Working-class parents are mainly concerned about their kids staying out of trouble & use physical punishment. Middleclass parents focus on developing curiosity, self-expression & self-control. They are more likely to use reasoning rather than punishment. The differences may be based on how the parents are treated at work The Neighborhood Children from poor neighborhoods are more likely to get in trouble w/ the law, become pregnant, drop out of school, even have worse mental health. Residents in more affluent neighborhoods are more likely to watch out for the kids- not b/c they are better but b/c there is less transition in wealthier neighborhoods Religion Influences values, the difference b/w right & wrong Participation in religious services teaches us what is expected at formal events (dress, speech, manners) Even people in non-religious homes are affected by religion b/c it is so significant in society Day Care Def- as care by anyone other than the mother- including other relatives & the father Children who spend more hours in day care have weaker bonds w/ mom, more likely to fight, to be cruel, & to be ‘mean’ Those who spend less time in day care are more cooperative & more affectionate towards mom Why? The study was not designed to determine this. Could be less contact w/ mom, mom’s less concerned or less familiar w/ their kids Positive side of Day Care Higher scores on language tests School Manifest function- to transmit knowledge & skills Latent Functions- socialization, attitudes & values needed to take a place in the world Hidden curriculum- values that are not explicitly taught but are part of the schools ‘message’ ex. Patriotism, democracy, justice, honesty Corridor Curriculum- what students teach one another outside the classroom Peer Groups As you age the influence of the family lessens & the influence of peers increases Going against the group is almost impossible since the golden rule of peer groups is conformity or rejection Anyone who doesn’t do what the others want becomes an ‘outsider’ or an ‘outcast’ The standards of our peer group dominate our lives- music, clothing styles, dating standards, etc. Sports & Competitive Success What do boys learn from sports? Success in sports = masculinity Encourages instrumental relationships- those based on what you can get out of people What girls learn? Less likely to base self-concept on competitive success Workplace Anticipatory socialization- because one anticipates a future role, one learns parts of it now. Sort of a rehearsal for a future role The more you participate in a line of work, the more the work becomes part of your self-concept Resocialization Def- the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, & behaviors Ex. Newly divorced, entering college or high school, AA Total Institutions Def- a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society & are almost totally controlled by the officials who run the place Rare for most people to encounter Ex. Boot camp, prisons, concentration camps, convents, religious cults, some boarding schools Degradation ceremony- term coined by Harold Garfinkel to describe an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual’s self-identity & stamping a new identity in its place Sometimes involves giving up the personal identity kit (jewelry, hairstyles, clothing). May also include fingerprinting, photographing, shaving the head. Can include undergoing a semi-public physical exam, stripping down & receiving a uniform Eating, sleeping, showering, recreation are standardized No one leaves a total institution unscathed Socialization through the life course Life course- the stages of our life as we go from birth to death 1. As you pass through a stage it affects your behavior & orientations 2. Your life course differs by social location- social class, race-ethnicity, & gender Childhood (birth to 12) The experiences in childhood are affected by social location, geography & history. Technology is an increasingly important aspect of childhood- TV shows children images of murder, war, other violence Social locations are as vital as biology, for they determine what childhood will be like for us Adolescence (13-17) Adolescence is a social invention Developed during the 1900s. Before adulthood followed childhood Develop their own subculturedistinctive clothing, hairstyles, language, gestures, music Initiation rites- mark the transition into adulthood. Used by many tribal societies Transitional Adulthood (18-29) Def- a term that refers to a period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated w/ adulthood; aka adultolescence Ex. College students Only after living on your own- with all adult responsibilities are you ‘officially’ an adult The Middle Years (30-65) The Early Middle Years (30-49) People are more sure of themselves in this stage Are major jolts- divorce, loosing job Special problems for women- the idea of being ‘super’- supermom, superwife, etc. The Later Middle Years (50-65) Health & mortality become issuescloser to death than birth May have to care for children/grandchildren & aging parents Sometimes called the ‘sandwich generation’ Can be the most comfortable stagejob security, house paid off, no kids at home, etc. The Older Years (65+) The Early Older Years ‘newer’ stage since people in the past died by this point Retirement stage If health is good- stage is goodalthough death is on the horizon The later Older Years Marked by growing frailty or failing health Can start at any age- since it is based on health Significance of Life Course Although biology is an important factor in the life course so are social factors When you were born can determine how far in your life course you go Where you were born (social location) also determines how far you go or when you move from stage to stage (ex. Transitional adolescence)