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groupings • Organise your cards in pairs • How did you choose to do it? ‘OppOsitiOn’ and ‘Resistance’ inside Nazi Germany What do these terms mean? What do these terms mean in a totalitarian state like the Third Reich? Terminology • ‘resistance’ – embrace every type of action or behaviour which showed open opposition to the regime. • ‘opposition’ – all acts of public defiance. • ‘dissent’ – refusal to give the ‘Heil Hitler’. • Reserve the term ‘active resistance’ to a small group of individuals who were willing to risk their lives to overthrow the Nazi state by force. • What about indifference/sympathy/support? Draw a quick scale attempting to highlight the range of attitudes to the Nazi Regime. • From RESISTANCE to COMMITMENT 7 possible reactions Copy the following forms of resistance to the Nazi regime out in a line with the most hostile on the left to the least hostile on the right – – – – – – – Nonconformity Acceptance Resistance Participation Enthusiasm Protest Commitment What do you think about the terminology? Is it helpful? 7 possible reactions Resistance Protest Non-conformity Acceptance Participation Enthusiasm Commitment success Of ‘active Resistance’ • Reserve the term ‘active resistance’ to a small group of individuals who were willing to risk their lives to overthrow the Nazi state by force. • Third Reich defeated by the Allies rather than from within – therefore they ultimately failed? Fair assumption? • Why then? What organisations would you highlight as being potential opponents in 1933? How did Hitler deal with them? Opposition and Resistance • How could people oppose and resist National Socialism between 1933-1945? • Most dramatic – assassination attempts which historians have found out about 9. Ranging from 19351944. • 1935 – Jewish students. • 1938 – Maurice Bavaud (student) executed. • 1939 – Georg Elser – executed. • 1940 – Police Chief Schulenburg, • 1943 – Gerneral Tresckow • 1943 – Colonel von Gersdorff • 1943 – Major von dem Bussche • 1944 – Von Stauffenburg – over 5,000 people executed Opposition and Resistance • When would have been the best moment to replace Hitler during the Third Reich? • 1933-1934? • After 1934 he could not be legally removed. • Successful economic and foreign policy then made it difficult to gain support for opposition groups. • Added to this was the power of propaganda and the police state. – Explain…. • The war also then made opposition harder – why? • Although from 1943 there were more attempts to remove Hitler – why? Task • ‘Active Resistance’ – • 1) Communists • 2) The Church • 3) Army and foreign office (conservative elites) • 4) Social Democrats • 5) Students Use your group’s hand out to answer the following questions: Who were they? Examples of resistance. How influential were they? Why did they ultimately fail? The Volksgemeinschaft • For your group, you must produce a handout (it could be a spider diagram, mind map, key words etc) that shows both the success and failure the Nazis had with incorporating them into the Volksgemeinschaft • Include key facts, figures and evidence • I’ll collect them in and make a booklet for each of you that can be used for revision (and preparation for your next tracker question) The Volksgemeinschaft • Youth – • Women – • Workers – • Peasants – • Churches –