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Announcements ● Tutoring Center SCI I, 407 M 12-3, 5:30-6:30; W 8-9, 5:30-6:30, Th 8-12, 6-7; F 8-9 ● MasteringBiology Assignment due Thursday 4/28 Producers and Consumers Autotrophs (self-feeders): •Make their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients. Heterotrophs (other-feeders): •Organisms that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones. Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere Sunlight energy enters ecosystem C6H12O6 (Glucose) + O2 (Oxygen) Photosynthesis CO2 (Carbon dioxide) + H2O (water) Cellular respiration ATP drives cellular work Heat energy exits ecosystem Cellular Respiration – Cellular respiration is: • The main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP • An aerobic process—it requires oxygen Summary equations: Organic Compounds + Oxygen Carbon + Water Dioxide + Energy Cellular Respiration and Breathing Cellular respiration and breathing are closely related. O2 CO2 Breathing Lungs •Cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings. •Breathing exchanges these same gases between the blood and outside air. CO2 O2 Cellular respiration Muscle cells Cellular Respiration •By oxidizing glucose, energy is taken out of “storage” and made available for ATP synthesis Oxidation Glucose loses electrons (and hydrogens) C6H12O6 Glucose 6 O2 Oxygen 6 CO2 Carbon dioxide 6 H 2O Water Reduction Oxygen gains electrons (and hydrogens) Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Plant cell Animal cell Animal cell Plant cell Cytoplasm Cytoplasm High-energy High-energy electrons electrons carried carried NADH bybyNADH Glycolysis Glycolysis2 Glucose Pyruvic acid ATP ATP Mitochondrion Mitochondrion High-energy High-energy electrons carried electrons carried mainly mainlyby by NADH NADH Citric Citric Electron Electron Acid Acid Transport Transport Cycle Cycle ATP ATP ATP ATP Figure 6.6 Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Plant cell Animal cell Animal cell Plant cell Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Mitochondrion High-energy High-energy electrons electrons carried carried NADH bybyNADH Glycolysis Glycolysis2 Glucose Pyruvic acid 2 ATP ATP High-energy High-energy electrons carried electrons carried mainly mainlyby by NADH NADH Citric Citric Electron Acid Electron Acid Transport Cycle Transport Cycle 2 ATP ATP ~34 ATP ATP ~38 ATP per glucose Figure 6.6 Versatility of Cellular Respiration – In addition to glucose, cellular respiration can “burn”: • Diverse types of carbohydrates • Fats Food • Proteins Polysaccharides Fats Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Glycolysis Acetyl CoA ATP Proteins Amino acids Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Fermentation aerobic anaerobic Photosynthesis Photosynthesis: • Is used by plants, some protists, and some bacteria • Transforms light energy into chemical energy • Uses carbon dioxide and water as starting materials Light energy 6 CO2 Carbon dioxide C6H12O6 6 H2O Water Photosynthesis Glucose 6 O2 Oxygen gas Photosynthesis – Organisms that use photosynthesis are: • Photosynthetic autotrophs • The producers for most ecosystems PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS Photosynthetic Protists (aquatic) Photosynthetic Bacteria (aquatic) LM Plants (mostly on land) Forest plants Kelp, a large alga Micrograph of cyanobacteria Photosynthesis found b/w lower and upper epidermis Photosynthesis CO2 H2O Light Chloroplast NADP+ ADP P Light reactions Calvin cycle ATP NADPH O2 Sugar (C6H12O6) Why Green? Light Reflected light Chloroplast Absorbed light Transmitted light Alternative Pathways ALTERNATIVE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS C4 Pathway (example: sugarcane) Cell type 1 CO2 Four-carbon compound Cell type 2 CAM Pathway (example: pineapple) CO2 Night Four-carbon compound CO2 CO2 Calvin cycle Calvin cycle Sugar C4 plant Day Sugar CAM plant
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