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Plant Layout Topic –III • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Production Function Types of production system Elementary knowledge of manufacturing processes Plant Layouts Material Handling Location Problems Inventory management Scheduling Network Analysis Break Even Point Analysis Reliability maintenance & plant services Quality control Emerging Trends Concept of Productivity CHAPTER -III • Plant Layouts : • Objectives • Symptoms Of Poor Layout • Types Of Layout • Functional Layout • Line Layout • Static Product Layout • Group Layout • Factors Influencing Layouts • Plant Layout Tools & Techniques PRODUCTION SYSTEM DECISION MAKER CONTROL INPUT IN CONVERSION PROCESS OUTPUT OUT PLAN LAYOUT Definitions of plant layout : A method of organizing the elements of a production process, in which similar processes and functions are grouped together Plant Layout is the physical arrangement of equipment and facilities within a Plant Plant layout is the organization of physical facilities like machinery , equipment & the allocation of space for the various activities of the plant & personnel working in the plant Optimizing the Layout of a Plant To improve productivity, safety and quality of Products Unnecessary efforts of materials handling can be avoided when the Plant Layout is optimized This is valid for : - Distances Material has to move - Distances Equipment has to move - Distances Operators have to move - Types of Handling Equipment needed - Energy required to move items against resistance (i.e. gravity) Plant Layout Characteristics : Provide space for machine / materials / storage / etc •Flexible for future changes in capacity / Design / Process etc ( Cellular design) • Accommodate future expansion •Comply with government rules & regulations ( Municipal corporation / Labor law & rules • Safety of employees / visitors / vendors is prime concern • Achieve economy in operation Building & Structure : Depend on type of production system ( Intermittent / Continuous) Intermittent System : Building & Shades are constructed & layouts done in shades with best possible options & then machinery will be brought inside Continuous System : Arrange machines first then construction around . It should withstand & offer support to cranes / hoists / trolleys etc. The floor should be designed considering the load it should carry ( Tons / Sq m) Men : • Number of people • Unskilled ( More space ) / Skilled ( Less space i.e. Computer operator) • Physic of workers ( ex. height ) Intermittent System Receiving Grinders Mills Raw Large number of low volume products matl. storage Assembly Drills Planers Lathes Automatics Part A Part B Inspection Finished goods storage Continuous System Stage 1 Raw Material Stage 2 Machine X Machine Y Machine Z Finished Product Machine : Type of machine : • General purpose machines : Compact in size & requires less space • Special Purpose machines (SPM) : Large in size , complicated , high level of automation • Number of machines : • Level of automation ( Semi / fully automated) • Higher complexity wider space • Level & frequency of maintenance Materials : • Nature of material ( Flammable / inflammable / Hazardous & Non Hazardous , Corrosive , Methalene , mercury , oils , fuels) • Form of material ( Solid / Liquid / Powder etc) • Quantity of material to be handled • Cycle Time : Consumption of material • Availability of material • Movement : • Movement of people / machines / cranes ( length & frequency) • Purpose of movement ( With load / without load / Quantity of load) Waiting Time : • Cycle time for completing each activity • Intermittent – •Uncertain & High • More storage places between machines & facilities • Continuous – •Defined & low • Purpose of waiting • Process ( low space) • Idling (More space) Changes : • Production Volume • Product type & design • Process type • Varieties • Frequency of change ( Ex 5 years) Services • Electrical supply • Pneumatic supply ( Air supply) • Water supply • Chilling process – Cooling Tower • Air ventilation –Ducting • Fire extinguishers – Water sprinklers Plant Layout • Plant layout begins with plant location and continues through 3 further levels, • 1. Layout of department within site 2. Layout of items within the department 3. Layout of individual work places Symptoms Of Poor Layout A good layout results in • Comfort, • Convenience, • Safety, • Efficiency, • Compactness And • Finally In Profits To The Organization A poor layout results in • Congestion, • Wastes, • Frustration, • Inefficiency And • Finally A Lower Profit Or A Loss To An Organization Types Of Layout Functional Layout ( Process Layout ) Line Layout ( Product Layout) Static Product Layout ( Fixed Position) Group Layout ( Cellular Layout) Combination layout ( Hybrid Layout) Functional Layout ( Process Layout) • Also called as process layout • Its best suited for intermittent type of operation • Machines on layout are called as general purpose machines • It involves a grouping together of like machines in one section / dept Example : • Machines performing grinding operation are installed in grinding dept • Machines performing drilling operation are installed in drilling dept • Heat Treatment / Painting etc Machine shop Functional Layout ( Process Layout) Receiving Grinders Mills Raw Large number of low volume products matl. storage Assembly Drills Planers Lathes Automatics Part A Part B Inspection Finished goods storage Functional Layout ( Process Layout) Advantages : • Greater flexibility in production • Easy to handle M/c breakdown by transfer of to another machine • Greater Scope for expansion • Investment on equipment will be comparatively low • Full utilization of equipment • Greater incentive to operators to improve performance Disadvantages : • Accumulation of work in progress • Requires more floor space • Difficulty in movement of material • Production control is difficult • High production time as WIP has to travel from place to place Line Layout ( Product Layout) • It involves the arrangement of machines in one line , depending on operation sequence • Raw material will be fed in first machine & final product will come out of last machine • Output of one machine becomes input to next machine Stage 1 Stage 2 Machine X Raw Material Machine Y Machine Z Example : • Sugar refineries / Paper mills / Cement plants / Rolling mills / paper mills Finished Product Line Layout ( Product Layout) Advantages : • Smooth & regular flow of finished goods • Shorter processing time due to less travel , storage & inspection frequency • Reduced material handling • Low cost labors & lesser training requirement •Use of special purpose machines (SPM) ,automatic or semi automatic • Less floor are with high productivity • Easy production control Disadvantages : • Heavy capital investment • Non flexible layout • Risk of total production line shutdown • Supervision is more difficult Static Layout ( Fixed Position Layout) This type of layout involves the movement of men & machines to the product Which remains stationary Raw Material 1. Aircraft Assembly Machine & equipment Labors 2. Flyover Bridge 3. Water Dam Finished Product Static Layout ( Fixed Position Layout) Advantages : • Men & machine can be used for wide variety of operations producing different products • The investment on layout is very small • The high cost of & difficulty in transporting a bulky product are avoided Disadvantages : • High cost of operation • Very high duration of project • Rework will be very costly Group Layout ( Cellular Layout) In cellular manufacturing layout the arrangement of a facility so that equipment Used to make similar parts or families of parts is grouped together The group of equipment is called “ cell “ The arrangement of cells is called a “ cellular Layout “ Cell 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 Cell 2 4 Cell 4 Cell 3 Combined Layout ( Hybrid Layout) It is a combination of product & process layout with an emphasis on either In industries plants are never laid out in either pure form It is possible to have both types of layouts in an efficient combine form if the products are somewhat similar & not complex Fabrication of parts ----Process Layout Assembly of parts ----Product layout Ex : Soap Manufacturing Machines ---- Product line Process Layout ---------- Functional basis---Ancillary services ---- Heating / Manu of glycerin / power house / water treatment plant Product Layout Raw material F.P G.C H.T G.G Finished Products (Gears) Raw material F.P G.C H.T G.G G.C Process Layout F.P : Forging Press G.C : Gear Cutting G.G : Gear Grinding Machine H.T : Heat Treatment Line Balancing Line balancing is the phase of assembly line study that equally divides the work to be done among the workers so that the total number of employees Required on assembly line are minimized & no employee of equipment will remain idle. Factors Influencing Layouts 1.Factory Building : The nature & size of building determines the floor space available for layout While designing the special requirements i.e. Air conditioning , dust control , Humidity control ,Noise proofing etc must be kept in mind 2. Nature of product : Product layout is suitable for uniform products Process layout is suitable for custom made products 3. Production process : In assembly line industries product layout is better. In job order or intermittent manufacturing process layout is desirable 4.Types of machinery : General purpose machines are arranged as per process layout , Special purpose machines are arranged as per product layout 5. Repairs & Maintenance : Machines / Equipments must be arranged keeping in mind the movement of operators & maintenance tools 6. Human Needs : Adequate arrangement should be made for Wash rooms, drinking water / Canteen & other employee facilities 7.Plant Environment : Heat / Noise / Light / Ventilation & other aspects should be duly considered e.g. Paint shop / Fabrication / Plating section should be located separately to protect employees from harmful fumes etc. Adequate safety arrangement should be made Factors Influencing Layouts To conclude • The plant layout should be conducive to health & safety of employees • It should ensure free & efficient flow of employees & materials • Future expansion & diversification may also be considered while planning factory layout Plant Layout Tools & Techniques 1. Process Chart i. Operations process chart ii. Flow process chart 2. Process Flow Diagrams 3. Machine Data cards 4. Visualization of layout i. Two dimensional plan or template ii. Three dimensional plan or machine models Plant Layout Tools & Techniques Process Chart : It is a classification & graphic representation of production activities in a plant Very useful for systematic analysis of various operations & material movements in production process & there effectiveness Study helps to identify operations that can be eliminated / rearranged / or simplified to achieve economy in production Operation Process Chart : Flow Process Chart : It is graphic representation of all the activities occurring on the floor of the plant This chart accumulates & classifies the complete information necessary for the analysis & improvement of plant operations . Plant Layout Tools & Techniques 2. Process Flow Diagram : It helps to visualize the movement of material on an existing floor layout Helps in identifying excessive movement of materials & helps in relocations of plant activities to reduce travel distance 3.Machine Data Cards : This is an effective method to provide necessary information for placement Or layout of the equipment The cards indicates machines capacity / space & power requirements , handling needs & corresponding dimensions 4.Visualisation of Layout :Most common method of planning a layout by making replicas of machines ,racks , benches , & equipment & then arranging these on a 2d /3d plan of the floor space i) Two Dimensional Plan (Template) ii) Three Dimensional plan ( Miniature models ) SUMMARY Decisions about layout are made only periodically. As they have long term consequences ,they must be made with careful planning .The layout design affects the cost of producing goods & delivering services for many years in future. Here we have discussed three “Traditional “ Basic layouts: 1) Process 2) Product 3) Fixed Position. Process Layout arrange work centers according to function. Product Layouts ( Assembly layout) arrange work centers & equipments in line to perform specialized sequence of tasks. In Fixed position Layout ,the product remains in one location & resources are brought to it. In process & product layouts , the design begin with a statement of goals of facility. The layouts are designed to meet these goals. After initial designs have been developed , improved designs are sought which will be cumbersome ,hence to take care of it quantitative & computer based models are used.