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Nematology 100 Lecture 4 Slides Induced Resistance JA = jasmonic acid PR = Pathogenesis-Related genes SA = salicylic acid > peroxidase and catalase ISR = Induced Systemic Resistance SAR = Systemic Acquired Resistance Plant Defenses Mechanisms and their Suppression Damage Associate Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) and Pathogen Associate Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) lead to defense mechanisms and pathogen-triggered immunity (PTI) DAMPs include activation of the Jasmonic Acid pathway – phenolic compunds and others PAMPs include activation of the Salicylic Acid pathway – localized programmed cell death – the hypersensitive response •Salicylic acid signaling disrupted by chorismate mutase produced in the esophageal glands of some nematodes •Chorismate mutase in nematodes an example of horizontal gene transfer the evolution of plant parasitism Rhabditoidea Cephaloboidea Tylenchoidea horizontal gene transfer- HGT cellulases – GHF5- glycoside hydrolase family chorismate mutase bacteria the evolution of plant parasitism Aphelenchoidea fungus Bursaphelenchus xylophilus horizontal gene transfer- HGT cellulases – GHF45- glycoside hydrolase family