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Perception
What we perceive is reality
Perception defined
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Perception is the experience we have after our brain
assembles and combines thousands of individual,
meaningless sensations into a meaningful pattern or
image.
Perceptions are rarely exact replicas of the original
stimuli, but our perceptions are usually changed,
biased, colored, or distorted by our unique set of
experiences.
Perceptions are our personal interpretations of the
real world.
5 Step Process of Changing Sensations
into Perception
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Stimulus
Transduction
Brain; Primary areas
Brain; Association
areas
Personalized
perceptions
Step 1: Stimulus
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Any change of energy
in the environment,
such as light waves,
sound waves,
mechanical pressure,
or chemicals.
Activate stimulus in all
receptors such as
eyes, ears, nose,
taste, skin etc.
Step 2: Transduction
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The stimuli such as
the eyes transform or
change all of the
stimuli into neural
impulses that go to the
brain as electric
signals.
Step 3: Brain Primary Areas
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Impulses from stimuli
are converted to
impulses and are sent
to primary areas of the
brain.
From ear to temporal
lobe, touch to parietal
lobe, eyes to occipital
lobe etc.
Step 4: Brain Association Areas
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Once in the primary
areas, the
meaningless
information from the
stimuli are sent to the
association parts of
the brain to be
converted into
meaningful images
called perception.
Step 5: Personalized Perceptions
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All perceptions gathered
by the brain from the
stimuli are then mixed
with our personal set of
experiences, emotions,
and memories stored in
different areas of the
brain giving us a
changed, bias, and
distorted reality.
Perceptual Constancy
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Refers to our tendency
to perceive sizes,
shapes, brightness,
and colors as
remaining the same
even though their
physical
characteristics are
constantly changing.
Size Constancy
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Refers to our tendency to
perceive objects as
remaining the same size
even when their images on
the retina are continually
growing or shrinking.
A car driving away from you
is not actually getting smaller
even though it appears to in
your vision.
Shape Constancy
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Refers to your
tendency to perceive
an object as retaining
its same shape even
though when you view
if from different angles
its shape in continually
changing its image in
your eyes.
Brightness Constancy
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Refers to the tendency
to perceive brightness
as remaining the same
in changing
illumination.
Ex: bright colored
clothes in a dimly lit
closet look dull, but
they are still bright.
Color Constancy
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Refers to the tendency
to perceive colors as
remaining stable
despite differences in
lighting.
Ex: looking at yellow in
sunlight makes it look
bright yellow
Depth Perception
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Refers to the ability of
your eye and brain to
add a third dimension,
depth, to all visual
perceptions, even
though images
projected on the retina
are in only two
dimensions, height
and width.
Binocular Depth Cues
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Depend on the
movement of both
eyes.
Bi meaning two and
ocular meaning eye.
Convergence and
Retinal Disparity.
Convergence
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A binocular depth cue for
depth perception based on
signals sent from muscles
that turn the eyes.
To focus on near or
approaching objects, these
muscles turn the eyes
inward, toward the nose.
The brain uses the signals
in these muscles to
determine the distance of
the object.
Retinal Disparity
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A binocular depth cue that depends on the
distance between the eyes.
Because of their different positions, each
eye receives a slightly different image. The
difference between the right and left eye’s
images is the retinal disparity.
Large disparity= close object
Small disparity= far object