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Greek and Roman Mythology A Review of The Principal Gods and Goddesses What is a myth? A traditional story rooted in primitive folk beliefs of cultures Uses the supernatural to interpret natural events Explains the culture’s view of the universe and the nature of humanity In the beginning... …was Chaos (shapeless nothingness) Chaos had two children: – Night (darkness) – Erebus (death) “All was black, empty, silent, endless.” Mysteriously, Love was born of darkness and death. And then... When Love was born, order and beauty began to flourish. Love created Light and Day. Earth was created. – She was the solid ground, but also a personality. The Earth bore Heaven to cover her and be a home for the gods. The First Parents Mother Earth = Gaea (Gaia) Father Heaven = Ouranos (Uranus) They had three kinds of children: – Three monsters with 100 hands and 50 heads – Three Cyclopes – The Titans These were the first characters that had the appearance of life, although it was unlike any life known to man. The Titans (The Elder Gods) There were many of them. Enormous size, incredible strength Cronos (Saturn): Ruler of the titans Rhea: Wife of Cronos Ocean: River that encircled the world Iapetus: Father of Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Atlas (also Titans) The Olympians Zeus Roman Name: Jupiter (also Jove) Symbol: thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree Supreme god of the Olympians. Fathered many characters in mythology Zeus Poseidon Roman Name: Neptune Symbol: trident, horse God of the Seas and Waters “The Earthshaker” Hades Roman Name: Pluto Symbol: three headed dog God of the Underworld/ Dead Kidnapped Persephone Hera Roman Name: Juno Symbol: peacock, scepter Goddess of women, marriage, childbirth Jealous, wife and sister of Zeus Hestia Roman Name: Vesta Symbol: hearth (fireplace) Goddess of Hearth & Home Powerful Protector Demeter Roman Name: Ceres Symbol: torch, corn Goddess of the fertility & harvest A Goddess of the Earth Athena Roman Name: Minerva Symbol: aegis, owl, olive tree Goddess of Wisdom and War Sprang from Zeus’s head Wise Apollo Roman Name: Apollo Symbol: bow, lyre, laurel God of Light/Sun and Music Brother of Artemis Artemis Roman Name: Diana Symbol: bow, deer Goddess of the Moon/ Hunt Sister to Apollo Aphrodite Roman Name: Venus Symbol: myrtle, dove Goddess of Love and Beauty Sprang from the ocean foam Ares Roman Name: Mars Symbol: vulture, dog, spear God of War Bloodthirsty and merciless - Son of Zeus and Hera Hephaestus Roman Name: Vulcan (Mulciber) Symbol: axe, anvil, flame God of Fire/Forge Kind, Son of Zeus and Hera Hermes Roman Name: Mercury Symbol: lyre, caduceus, winged sandals Messenger of the Gods Appears in more myths than any other character Eros Roman Name: Cupid Symbol: bow and arrow Young God of Love Son of Aphrodite and Hephaestus Iris Goddess of the Rainbow Symbol: rainbow Messenger for Zeus and Hera Daughter of the titan Thaumus and the nymph Electra The Muses Nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne Inspired artists of all kinds Goddesses who presided over the arts and sciences “He is happy whom the muses love.” Clio, Urania, Thalia, Melpomene, Erato, Calliope, Euterpe, Terpsichore, Polyhymnia Persephone Roman Name: Proserpina Symbol: pomegranate Goddess of the Underworld Daughter of Zeus and Demeter Abducted by Hades Dionysus Roman Name: Bacchus Symbol: grapes, wine cups God of Wine Patron god of the Greek stage