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Sensation and
Perception
Sensory
• Involves everything we are exposed to
• Our brains are designed to recognize
and translate what we are used to
• Our brain adapts to the environment
around us (adaptation)
Sensory
• Absolute Threshold: The amount of a
stimulation needed for our brain to
register its action
• Sensation: The process of receiving
info
• Perception: Process of organizing the
info
Sensation
• Vision
- This is the most dominate of the
senses that we posses
• This is determined by the amount of
white light that hits an object
• - The “color” we see is the wavelength
of the object AFTER the white light hits
it.
Parts of the Eye
• Cornea
- Covering in the front of the eye that
contains fluid
• Iris
- Colored part of the eye
- This is the muscle that allows the pupil
to expand and contract, depending on
how much light comes in through the
Parts of the Eye
• Lens
- This helps focus the light as it comes
into the eye
- If it is not in focus, then glasses
• Retina
- This is the back of the eye
- This is where the rods and cones of
the eye exist
Oh there are more parts of the
eye to learn
• Pupil
- This is the opening that appears black
- This can have light added to it, and
you can see into the eyes
- Dr. Exam
- Redeye is caused because the light
flashes into the eye, and then is
reflected back
And More parts…
• Rods
- This is what we use to see black and
white in objects
• Cones
- Used for colors and for sharpness
- If there is a deficiency in the cones,
this is what causes color-blindness
The colors you see…
• All colors we see are made up of three
colors
- Red, blue, and green
- They mix together to show us shades
and colors
- The wavelengths of the object (reflected
back at us) is picked up by cones
• - Afterimages are an example of how you
can saturate the cones in your eyes
Hearing
• Sound is really energy that our ears
can detect
- There are several characteristics of
sound, and they are…
Hearing
1. Pitch: The highs and lows of a sound
2. Timbre: The “texture” of the sound
- Difference between a C on a piano or a
guitar
3. Intensity: This is how loud something
really is
- Measured in decibels
4. Decibels: The scientific measurement of
how loud a sound is
• - Too loud, or too close, and the sound can
actually kill sound receptors on the ear
Hearing
3. Intensity: This is how loud something
really is
- Measured in decibels
4. Decibels: The scientific measurement
of how loud a sound is
- Too loud, or too close, and the sound
can actually kill sound receptors on the
ear
Structure of the ear
• How do we hear?
– Hair Cells!
• The cells are in the Cochlea.
• The Cochlea is also filled with fluid along with the
Hair Cells
• The Hair Cells have cilia at the end of them
• The cilia are tuned to hear specific frequencies
• - As the cilia moves, an electrical current is
sent to the auditory nerve, in the brain, and
the brain interprets what is being heard
•
Hair!
• The Hair Cells have cilia at the end of
them
• The cilia are tuned to hear specific
frequencies
• As the cilia moves, an electrical current
is sent to the auditory nerve, in the
brain, and the brain interprets what is
being heard
Psychological effects of
hearing
• Our brain is used to hearing certain
things and develops a conditioned
response
– E.g. recognizing familiar voices
Touch
• Cutaneous Sense
- These receptors are broken into
categories
- All of them are wired to the brain so we
can tell what is going on
1. Pressure
2. Temperature
3. Pain
Smell
• This is also called olfaction
• This is purely a chemical
reaction
• There are cilia in your nasal
cavity
- Once an odor attaches
itself to the cilia, an
electrical signal is sent to
the olfactory bulbs which
sends a signal to the brain
Can you smell that smell
• Pheromones
- These are “odors” given out in the
animal kingdom that alert animals to
sexual desire
- more prevalent in animals
•
Tasty
• Taste is activated by taste buds on your
tongue
- They are divided up into four groups
1. Salt
2. Sweet
3. Sour
4. Bitter
Taste
• These combine, like the cones in an eye, to
tell us what we are eating
• The level of all of these tastes differ and
change throughout our lives
- Small children do not usually like spicy
foods, yet most adults like mustard
- As we get older, taste buds diminish and
stronger foods are needed for the full effect of
taste
Perception
• Is the process by how we interpret all of
the information that comes to us
- How do you react to situations that
you are not used to?
Rely on experience and instant
reactions
• All of the sensations previously
discussed also help with us dealing with
our world
Perceptions
• Size: we are used to seeing sizes and we use
this memory to judge how far something away
is.
- Ex: The size of a playing card and its
distance away from you
• Color: The color of something is already
known, so we can “guess” the color of that
item in different conditions
- Ex: Taking an apple from a bright kitchen
to dark room
Perceptions
• Brightness: The brain knows what it
should be seeing, so it compensates
when it sees something it does not
understand
• Shape: Once we know what a shape
looks like, we can adjust its angle and
still tell what it is.
– Book laying down or standing up
Perceptions
•
Space: There are two types of motion, when we
discuss space
1. Object motion (Other objects around us move)
2. Self motion (We move within our environment)
•
When you drive, subtle differences in motion are not
always noticed because we combine the two
•
Major differences are seen, but they often come too
late
- Brake lights
- Distractions while driving
Depth Perception
• Is the ability to judge space between
objects and tell how far/close they are
• Retinal Disparity
– Each eye sees a different image
– The brain must combine these images so
we can see correctly
– If there is a loss of an eye, the brain does
not know what to do with the loss of an
image, so the brain creates an image
Perceptual Organization
• Gestalt: A common region of something
that we create
• We use the similarity of objects to
create images we expect to see
• Proximity: Sometimes we group things
together if they are close to each other
• Closure; We can see an image even if
the whole picture is not there
Illusions
• These are pictures that the brain
creates to help us understand what we
are seeing
• They are not mistakes of the brain, but
the brain trying to decipher what is
actually going on
Perceptual organizing
a. Figure + Ground -1) Figure -- stands out
2) Ground -- it’s behind
What takes importance -- What does take
precedent?
b. Grouping -- Gestalt -- Whole
1) Proximity – group near-by fixtures together
2) Similarity – group objects that are similar
3) Continuity – patterns are seen as smooth
4) Closure – fill in the gaps
5) Texture
Perceptual Processing
• Top-Down – involves perceiving patterns
as meaningful wholes (eg recognizing
faces of people we know) without
having to piece together parts
– Based on acquired knowledge and
experience with patterns
• Bottom-Up – brain assembles specific
features of shapes to form patterns that
we can compare with stored images
Perceptual organizing -c. Perceptual
constancy
1). Consistent --Feature changes
2). visual size -- Closeness or far Retina
threshold changes -- lens
(a). shape constancy
(b). bright constancy
III.
Sensation/Perception/Consciousn
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Depth Perception Cues
1. Binocular - cues provide depth
information when viewing a scene with
both eyes.
2. Monocular - cues provide depth
information when viewing a scene with
one eye. Includes:
Monocular Cues
1. relative size - closer bigger
2. Height -- Horizon is farther
3. Interpositions -- Blocking =
closer
4. Linear perspectives -- Lines RR
5. clarity – hazy = farther away
6. Light + Shadows - Depth
texture
e. Motion
e. Motion -- Structural
1). Accommodation - lens flexes more depth
2). Convergings - Rotation
3). Binocular -- Illusions Motion sickness
4).Motion + movement
(a). Looming - Approaching – faster; away - slow
-- expansion of the stimuli -- Somatosensory –
Vestibular balance
f. Illusions –
perceptual mistakes
Not a delusion. . . Thot quirk!