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What do you sense? S E N S A T IO N Book Definition: The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information into the central nervous system O u r s e n s e s h a v e p ic k e d u p a m e s s a g e fro m th e e n v iro n m e n t – v e r y s im p ly “ T a k in g it a ll in ” P E R C E P T IO N Book Definition: The process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world In te rp re tin g w h a t w e s e n s e – M a k in g s e n s e o u t o f s e n s a tio n s 1. Past Experiences • “Star spangled _______________” 2. Moods, _______________, and Values • Having a bad day and “things” seem to snowball 3. ______________ • If you’re hungry, you think about… 4. What the ______________ believes • We have a tendency to, “go along with the crowd.” 'Lucifer Effect' Asks Why Good People Go Bad http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9940824 http://www.zimbardo.com/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmwSC5fS40w McDonald’s Case - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFXeXK3szOk THE SCIENCE OF EVIL How can ordinary people perform unthinkable acts? ABC News - Primetime http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2769000 Absolute ____________________ for Humans Reading: Ernst Weber – Classic Experiments in Psychology SENSE STIMULUS RECEPTORS THRESHOLD Vision Electromagnetic Energy _______________ & _______________in the retina A candle flame viewed from a distance of about 30 miles on a dark night Hearing Sound Waves Hair cells of the inner ear The ticking of a watch from about 20 feet away in a quiet room _______________ _______________ substances in the air Receptor cells in the nose About one drop of perfume diffused throughout a small house Taste _______________ substances in saliva Taste buds on the tongue About 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water Touch Pressure on the skin Nerve endings in the skin The wing of a fly falling on a cheek from a distance of about 0.4 inches SENSE TYPE OF DISCRIMINATION _______________ CONSTANT (_______________ FRACTION) VISION Brightness of light 1/60 HEARING Pitch (frequency) of a tone 1/333 Loudness of a tone / TASTE Difference in saltiness 1/5 SMELL Amount of rubber smell 1/10 TOUCH Pressure on the skin surface 1/7 Deep pressure 1/77 Difference in lifted weights / Where are the following? Blind spot Iris Pupil Lens Cornea Optic Nerve Retina FIGURE 4.3 In the human eye, light travels through the pupil to the lens and is then reflected onto the retina. The optic nerve sends the visual information to the brain. Stare at the next slide for 30 seconds. VISUAL PROBLEMS Color Blindness Color Blind – sensitive to only black & white Dichromat – only sensitive to certain colors – partially color blind Trichromat – normal color vision Plate 1 Plate 1 • Both normal and those with all color vision deficiencies should read the number 12. Pages 85-88 Sound • _______________ – having to do with hearing • _______________ - A wave which is created by vibrating objects and transmitted through a medium from one location to another. Compression and Expansion • _______________ – number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit Hertz. • _______________ – A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One Hertz, or 1Hz, equals one cycle per second. Pitch • The greater the number of cycles per second, the higher the pitch. Is Loudness the same as Amplitude? • _______________ – height • The higher the amplitude of a wave, the louder the sound. • _______________ – A unit expressing the loudness of a sound. Abbreviated dB. ARTICLE: The Sounds Around Us January 18, 2006 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5044711 Wishing for a Silent Night in Toyland by Michele Norris http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJlMGsQQeCA PLEASE VISIT THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE: PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html COMPLETE THE INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY FOR PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE. As you progress through the activity, place your cursor over the words in blue for further information. When placing the information “in position” on the timelines, be as precise with the placement of the names/descriptions/etc.(tags) as possible, otherwise the info. will “bounce back.” The “tags” fit in precisely to the right positions. All Stressed Out EEG and Sleep Stages Hunger and the Fat Rat Operant Conditioning Auditory System Expressing Emotion Iconic Memory Psychology's Timeline Cognitive Development Get Smart Mind-Reading Monkeys Social Decision Making Computer Therapist Helplessly Hoping My Head Is Spinning Visual Illusions Descriptive Statistics Hemispheric Specialization Mystery Client Your Mind on Drugs PSYCHSIM5 – WORTH PUBLISHERS http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html How Does Sound Move Through the Ear? VIDEO: GATEWAYS TO THE MIND! ARTICLE: Loss of Hearing Can Be Frustrating! February 14, 2001 Page 87 CONDUCTION DEAFNESS SENSORY-NEURAL DEAFNESS STIMULATION DEAFNESS Deafness • Caused by the failure of the three tiny bones inside the middle ear to pass along sound waves to the inner ear or the failure of the eardrum to vibrate in response to sound waves • Possible cause is a buildup of fluid • Hearing aids • Normal hearing may return. Deafness • Damage to the inner ear. Most often caused by loss of hair cells that will not regenerate. • Damage to the auditory nerve. • Cochlear implants can help patients with this form of deafness. Deafness • Exposure to very loud sounds • Prolonged exposure to 85 dB can cause stimulation loss. • Ringing sound can mean hair cells have been damaged The nose knows! Maybe without you knowing! Articles: “Fragrances Enhance Emotion, Chemistry” et. al. Sense of Smell - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_WFlTtPZmE http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4059387 Americans Win Nobel for Research on Smell Seven Basic Odors 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Camphoraceous Smell depends on shape of odor molecules Example of a camphoraceous odor is mothballs Etheral Example is cleaning products Floral Examples are flowers Minty Example is gum Musky Example is men’s cologne Pungent Example is vinegar Putrid Example is rotten eggs ARTICLE: "A Secret Sense in the Human Nose" ARTICLE: "A Woman's Nose Belongs to Daddy": The Science of Sex Appeal unsexy scents http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_y8NTaPNQY http://www.youtube.com/ (time 2:04) ARTICLE: “Smells aren’t Good or Bad, They’re Learned” http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6577600 “Marketing Campaign Targets Noses at Bus Stops” ARTICLE: Just browsing at the mall? That’s what you think. (Sept. 2006) ScentAir website: http://www.scentair.com/index_flash.html http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/10/25/PM200610255.html Dr. Alan Hirsch: Talking About the Science of Smell http://www.scienceofsmell.com/ ARTICLE: Taste and Smell – How does food seem tasteless when you have a cold? _______________ are created by chemical reactions on your taste buds Taste is heavily influenced by smell – this is called ____________ _______________ TASTE QUALITIES (Get on the Busss!) •B________ FLAVOR DEPENDS ON… •T___________ •O________ •U________ •T_________ •S________ •T_________ •S________ (I T.O.T.T. you about flavor) •S________ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813416 Study: Tastes Form in Infancy Touch and Pressure • Sensory receptors located around the roots of hair cells fire when surface of skin is touched. • There are at least ____ basic types of touch receptors in your skin. • One for hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, and fine touch. SKIN SENSES Pages 89-92 *Vision is usually the most dominant of the senses* • Touch • Pressure • Warmth • Cold • Pain TOUCH & PRESSURE Most sensitive – fingertips, lips, noses and cheeks (page 91) 1. nerve endings are more densely packed in the fingertips and face than in other locations 2. a greater amount of sensory cortex is devoted to the perception of sensations in the fingertips and face ___________________– to assess sensitivity to pressure – The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be separated before the subject will report that there are two rods, not one, on 50% of occasions TEMPERATURE Warm & Cold receptors – they adapt and sometimes they fire simultaneously PAIN * The more pain receptors located in a particular area of our skin, the more sensitive that area is. (figure 4.9 on page 91) *Originates at the point of contact* - message is sent from the point of contact to the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain. Then it is projected to the cerebral cortex where the person registers the location and severity of the pain. *Release of various chemicals – prostaglandins, bradykinin, P* * Aspirin & Ibuprofen work by curbing production of prostaglandins http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7654964 ______________– pain messengers can’t get through _______________ – Bodies natural pain killers Endorphins are inhibitory neurotransmitters. They lock into receptor sites for chemicals that transmit pain messages to the brain. Once the endorphin “key” is in the “lock,” pain-causing chemicals cannot transmit their messages. There are a number of endorphins. Endorphins also play a role in regulating respiration, hunger memory, sexual behavior, blood pressure, mood, and body temperature. _______________ – ancient procedures/releasing endorphins ______________ – bogus treatment ______________ – The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies ______________ __________– The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity ______________ _____________– the focus of conscious http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/grafs/demos/15.html awareness on a particular stimulus ______________ _____________– failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere VISUAL PERCEPTION 1. Perceptual Organization Closure page 93 figure 4.10 Figure-ground page 93 figure 4.11 Proximity page 93-94 figure 4.12 (A) Similarity page 94 figure 4.12 (B) Continuity page 94 figure 4.12 (C) Common fate page 94 2. Perception of Movement Stroboscopic Motion* page 95 3. Depth Perception Monocular Cues: Perspective background image Interposition or Overlapping page 96 figure 4.13 Shadowing page 96 figure 4.14 Texture Gradient page 96 Motion parallax page 96 Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity* page 96 Convergence page 96 picture - page 97 4. Perceptual Constancies Size page 97 Shape page 99 figure 4.16 Color page 98 figure 4.15 Brightness page 98-99 5. Visual Illusions – when principles of perceptual organization lead to misrepresentations of reality. (page 99) Height/Width illusion Interrupted extent Illusion of contour Equivocal illusion Illusion of depth Illusion of contrast Non-classified illusion MONOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH PERSPECTIVE CLEARNESS OVERLAPPING or INTERPOSITION Shadowing TEXTURE GRADIENT BINOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH RETINAL DISPARITY & CONVERGENCE Optical Illusions Height-Width When principles of Perceptional organization lead to misrepresentations of reality Interrupted Extent Contour Equivocal Depth Non Classified Contrast TYPES OF OPTICAL ILLUSIONS 1. HEIGHT-WIDTH ILLUSION An upright line segment appears longer than a nearby equal horizontal line 2. ILLUSIONS OF INTERRUPTED EXTENT The distance between the portions of an interrupted line or figure appears to shrink 3. ILLUSION OF CONTOUR An open or empty figure appears to have greater area or capacity than an equal closed or filled figure 4. EQUIVOCAL ILLUSION The drawing of a three-dimensional object appears to have two or more interpretations 5. ILLUSIONS OF DEPTH Lines or figures are distorted as the result of a point, line, or figure appearing to be behind or in front of another 6. ILLUSIONS OF CONTRAST Surrounding lines or figures cause other lines or figures to appear have distorted dimensions or shapes 7. ILLUSION NON-CLASSIFIED An optical illusion that does not fall into the above categories ARTICLE: Seeing Life in Colors: Cross wired Senses ARTICLE: Seeing—and hearing and tasting—red SOURCE: Monitor on Psychology Volume 39, No. 3 March 2008 A synesthetes alphabet http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/carol.html