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Situation of Children with Hearing Impairments in Ethiopia Presentation Layout I. Understanding hearing impairment II. Prevalence and etiological conditions in Ethiopia III. Developmental effects of hearing impairment IV. Educational situation of children with hearing impairment V. Early Identification and Intervention practices VI. Inclusive Education : The Way of the Future 1. Understanding Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment The Deaf The Hard of Hearing Educational & medical definitions HI & its possible impacts DEGREE OF HEARING LOSS (Varna,1993) DECIBELS POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON SPEECH POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON (DB hl) AND LANGUAGE ADJUSTMENT AND BEHAVIOUR None 0 Mild 20- 40 Moderate 41 - 70 Slight difficulties Difficulties in speech receptivity May show slight deficit May show behavioral difficulties Severe Profound 71 - 95 95+ Difficulties in speaking omissions in Social problems as well as spoken language. educational difficulties Have marked difficulties in Educational limitations, understanding speech and speech behavior and social skills may be unintelligible. may be immature 2. Prevalence of Hearing Impairment in Ethiopia Incidence and prevalence of hearing impairment in Ethiopia Onset of Hearing Impairment Age Per cent 3-5 32% 6-9 16% Prevalence :15 % 10-12 8% 13-15 16% 15-25 16% 3. Ethological Conditions of Hearing Impairment 3.1 Disabling factors and types of Hearing Impairment Causes of Hearing Impairment Congenital conditions Acquired conditions Unknown 3.2 Site of Hearing Impairment Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear 3.3 Causes of HI Ethiopia No 8% Accident 28% Fever 24% Meningitis 16% Unknown 24% 4. Developmental Profile of Children with Hearing Impairments 4.1 Language Development (Deaf & Hard of Hearing ) a) Communication Methods Oral Communication Manual Communication Total Communication b) Sign Language 4.2 Cognitive and Learning Characteristics Impact of lack of Interaction Psychosocial situation (cognitive, emotional & behavioral factors) Learning Characteristics The Deaf •Pre-lingually Deaf •Post-lingually Deaf The Hard of Hearing 4.3 Socio-emotional development a) Family & social environment Children from deaf parents Children from hearing parents b) Onset of hearing impairment Pre-lingually Deaf Post-lingually Deaf C) Hard of Hearing Children 4.3 Psychomotor conditions Gross motor skills Balance and Equilibrium 5. Educational Status of Children with Hearing Impairments (Tigray, special school for the deaf) Ethiopian School System Early Childhood Care and Education 1 1st Cycle 1 1 2 3 TL 1 2 2 3 3 Primary Education 4 5 6 7 2nd Cycle 8 Secondary Education -1st Cycle TL 2 9 10 Ethiopian School System Cont… 2nd Cycle Secondary Education TVET 11 12 L3 Higher Education L4 L5 Education of Children with Disabilities in Ethiopia (2011) Total Number of enrollment ,96, 389 Educational Delivery : • Special Schools • Special Classes • Reversed Inclusion • Inclusive Education Enrollment of Children with Special Needs Education in Primary schools (grades 1-8) (MoE,2011) Disability Male Female Total Visual 4039 2977 7016 Motor 7361 5992 12653 Hearing 2242 1729 3971 Intellectual 35783 26068 61851 Other 6335 4563 10898 Total 55760 40629 96389 Education of Children with Disabilities in Ethiopia : Challenges 7. Early Intervention and inclusive practices Early Intervention Traditional practices Home-based services Early childhood education Inclusive Practices Discussions and debates Challenges of IE Reflections Attitude towards disability G.Negative Attitude towards CwDs MIXED Attitude towards IE MIXED Interaction Home & School NO & YES Cycles No-Cycle Predominant Lack of acceptance & sensitivity No sharing & exchange of feelings Little eye & physical contact No attention Child’s need systems Low expectation Sensitizing parents & teachers & to promote Yes-Cycle Responding to the needs of the child Mediation of competence Body contact and eye contact Sharing feelings QUESTIONS TO PONDER 1. How do people understand and communicate with a deaf person in your community ? 2. Compare & contrast the learning characteristics of a deaf child and a hard of hearing child? QUESTIONS TO PONDER 3. What are the developmental implications of being pre-lingually and post-lingually deaf ? 4. Discuss the development implications of a child brought –up in a deaf and hearing family ? 5. What is your opinion about the deaf culture & the education of the deaf in an inclusive setting ? Thank You !! The child needs an adult to convey, interpret, analyze and understand his/her world [open the appetite] World Adult Child