Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cognitive-Sensory Interaction in the Neural Encoding of Music and Speech www.flickr.com/samucleta Nina Kraus Northwestern University www.brainvolts.northwestern.edu click on ‘neural encoding of music’ and watch slide show Reading Hearing in noise perception pitch/timing/timbre perception pitch/timing/timbre use of phonology vocabulary knowledge working memory attention common sensory cognitive ingredients perception pitch/timing/timbre knowledge of melody, harmony, rhythm working memory attention Music voice tagging stream segregation object formation working memory attention Neural responses reflect stimulus properties with sub-millisecond precision “da” Response brainstem musicians nonmusicians Magnitude (µV) Musicians reflect these properties more robustly, faster and more precisely 0.5 0 -0.5 50 100 Time (ms) Parbery-Clark, Skoe, Kraus, J Neurosci, 2009; 29: 14100-7 Not a gain effect Input isn’t just “bigger” in musicians Selective enhancement of stimulus features! www.flickr.com/wakajawaka www.flickr.com/knett www.flickr.com/davidmasters www.flickr.com/aussiegall Musicians are good at extracting relevant signals and patterns from soundscape This skill transfers to hearing speech in noise www.flickr.com/mikebaird Parbery-Clark et al., J Neurosci 2009; 29: 14100-7, and Ear & Hearing 2009; 30: 653-61 Patterns Fred, are you there? Right here, Mary Pulling speech from noise involves tracking regularities and the ability to utilize patterns to derive relevance. www.flickr.com/jamescridland A A A A A A A A A Response to this “A” is better A B A C A D D A B than response to this “A” …in good readers, good speech-in-noise perceivers, musicians Chandrasekaran et al., Neuron 2009; 64: 311-19 Strait et al., in preparation Diminished in clinical populations Chandrasekaran et al., 2009 Ahissar et al., 2006 Munchnik et al., 2004 Cognitive influences Wong et al., 2007 Shahin et al., 2009 Strait et al., in press Gathercole et al., 2006 Working Memory Parbery-Clark et al., 2009 Chan et al., 1999 Strait et al., in press Helenius et al., 2009 Utilizing stimulus regularities Enhanced in musicians Helenius et al., 2009 Auditory mechanisms important for Reading Linguistic ability Moreno et al., 2008 Hearing in Noise Parbery-Clark et al., 2009l Chandrasekaran et al. 2009 Banai et al., 2009 Tallal et al., 1980 Neural fidelity of stimulus Wong et al., 2007 Mussachia et al., 2007 Lee et al., 2009 Parbery-Clark et al., 2009 Take Home Points Specific endowments in musicians: Musical training promotes specific neural refinements that reflect active engagement with sound. Transfer effects: Active engagement with music impacts how sounds are processed for language and emotion. Mediated by processes that rely upon attentional and memory-intensive processes common to speech and music. Pattern detection: Our sensory systems are primed to tune into regularities within the stimulus stream – selectively enhancing relevant signals. Protective effects: Musical training leads to a highly adaptive system that (a) is more immune disruption by background noise and (b) strengthens auditory processes that underlie reading. Musicians have perceptual and neural advantages for processing auditory patterns important for reading and hearing in noise. These same neural processes are diminished in clinical populations with dyslexia and difficulty hearing in noise Implication: musical education to improve everyday listening and language tasks www.flickr.com/pedrosimoes7 supported by NSF (SLC) http://www.brainvolts.northwestern.edu http://www.brainvolts.northwestern.edu www.brainvolts.northwestern.edu www.brainvolts.northwestern.edu