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Mrs. Williams Modified by Mrs. Hardy Analyzing Determine the credibility Determine the purpose Identify the strategies and styles for appealing to targeted audiences: ethos, logos, pathos, and rhetoric Emotional Appeal: Pathos Pathos=Pain Writers use this strategy to attempt to evoke their audience’s emotions Pathos appeals to Physical needs (life and health of the body) Psychological needs( inner life, need for love and respect) Social needs (need for freedom, status, power, acceptance) Types of Emotional Appeals (Pathos) Use language that involve the senses Include an anecdote Include connotative language Explore euphemisms Use description Use figurative language Develop tone Experiment with formal language Ethical Appeal: Ethos Ethos=character Writers must establish credibility with their audience by possessing and revealing good character How does the writer present himself as reliable and good? How does the writer aim to build bridges with the audience or the opposition? Types of Ethical Appeals (Ethos) Show written voice in the argument Make the audience believe that the writer is trustworthy Demonstrate that the author put in research time Supports reason with appropriate, logical evidence Present a carefully crafted and edited argument Demonstrate the author knows and respects the audience Convince the audience that the writer is reliable and has concern Logical Appeal: Logos Note the claims the author makes, the exigencies Note the data the author provides in support of claims Note the conclusion the author draws Types of Logical Appeals (Logos) Incorporate inductive reasoning Use deductive reasoning Create a syllogism Cite commonly held beliefs or traditional culture Allude to history, religious texts, great literature, or mythology Provide testimony, evidence, facts, quoted research Order chronologically Theorize about cause and effect Draw analogies and present metaphors Rhetoric Simply defined is language that effectively accomplishes it purpose. How an author uses these devices is called style. Style can include diction, imagery, syntactical patterns, figurative language Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning: the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premise All men are mortal Socrates is a man (Therefore,) Socrates is a mortal Inductive Reasoning Reasoning that involves moving from a set of specific facts to a very general conclusion. Common Logical Fallacies Ad Hominem Fallacy/ Name Calling “To the individual,” the target’s person’s characteristics are attacked, instead of the argument Ex: He is an unfit Presidential candidate because he has been married three times. How could anyone trust him to run the free world? Ad Populum Fallacy/Bandwagon “To the crowd,” a misconception that a widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make an idea true or right Example: Everyone else ran toward the cafeteria, so I did too. I didn’t realize they were running toward a fight. Propaganda/Celebrity Appeal Writing or images that seek to persuade through emotional appeal rather than through logical proof; written or visual texts that describe or depict using highly connotative words or images—favorable or unfavorable—without justification Example: Tiger Woods selling Buick LeSabre, Michael Jordan selling basketball shoes, Katy Perry advertising for ProActiv, etc. Begging the Question Taking for granted something that really needs proving Example: Did you purchase the flat screen with the stolen cash before or after you ditched the stolen car? (Assumes facts not in evidence: (1) the accused stole the cash, and (2) the accused stole a car) Circular Reasoning Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea; such an error in logic moves backward in its attempt to move forward Example: The novel is a best-seller because it has sold so many copies. Either or Reasoning/ Black and White The tendency to see an issue as having only two sides Example: Firearms should be completely banned or completely legal. Hasty Generalization Drawing a general and premature conclusion on the basis of only one or two cases Example: Dallas Police Chief Christopher Michaels suggested that all dogs be muzzled because two Golden Retrievers have been disturbing the peace in Fritz Park. Non Sequitur “it does not follow” an inference or conclusion that does not follow established premises or evidence Absence of a logical connection between a claim and a premise. (Irreverent reasons for supporting a claim, illogical leap, or a gap in the chain of reasoning.) Example: “He is certainly sincere; he must be right.” or “He’s the most popular: he should be president.” Post hoc/Faulty causality “After this, therefore because of this,” assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident Example: Mom discovered the ring was missing, and you were the last one seen entering her room. You must have taken it. Your assignment: Locate and record 5 arguments from the play that contain faulty reasoning. Identify the argument as logical, emotional, or ethical. More than one answer can apply. Identify the specific logical fallacy, and explain why the assumption / argument is fallacious. Due Friday.