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Munitions of the Mind “For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill.” Sun Tsu, The Art of War. Evolution of Terminology • • • • • Combat propaganda Political Warfare Psychological Warfare (PSYWAR) Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) Information Support (UK); OpInfo (Germany) INFORMATION WARFARE/INFORMATION OPERATIONS US Definition “Operations planned to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups and individuals.” - Joint Pub 3-53 Forms of PSYWAR/PSYOPS • Black (covert): purports to be from a source other than the true one (e.g. PWE radio). Usually conducted by intelligence services. • White (overt): emanates from the source it says it is (e.g. ‘This is Radio Moscow’). Usually conducted by military or civilmilitary services. • Grey: (source unknown). Forms of PSYWAR/PSYOPS • Black (covert): purports to be from a source other than the true one (e.g. PWE radio). Usually conducted by intelligence services. • White (overt): emanates from the source it says it is (e.g. ‘This is Radio Moscow’). Usually conducted by military or civilmilitary services. • Grey: (source unknown). PSYOPS media Nation Building? TV SFOR WEEKLY NEWSPAPERS MOSTOVI MIRKO HERALD OF PROGRESS TELEVISION BROADCASTS & ADVERTISEMENTS RADIO BROADCASTS & AUDIO TAPES Operations Other Than War Bosnia Kosovo The dangers of ‘unintended consequences’ Trying to avoid unintended consequences The new ‘P’ word – Perception Management ‘Actions to convey and/or deny selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives and objective reasoning; and to intelligence systems and leaders at all levels to influence official estimates, ultimately resulting in foreign behaviors and official actions favorable to the originator’s objectives. In various ways perception management combines truth projection, operations security, cover and deception and psychological operations.’ -- Joint Pub 1-02 Traditional ‘Surrender or Die’ messages Kosovo, 1999 Afghanistan, 2001-02 How to surrender We are not ‘invaders’ PSYOPS - Commando Solo Enduring Freedom Psyops leaflets – pre-translation Left - front Right - back ‘Shock and Awe’ ‘Do not follow orders to destroy dams or flood villages. Do not follow orders to destroy your country's oil. ... See those orders for what they are -- the last desperate gasp of a dying regime.’ Sec. Rumsfeld at DoD Press Conference, 23 March 2003 Some successes White PSYOPS, 2003 • Go home/Stay at home campaign This also looks to have been a successful part of the campaign Does it Work? SOMETIMES – IT DEPENDS….
