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Egyptian Timeline • Old Kingdom (2700-2150) – Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt – pyramids built • Middle Kingdom (2040-1786) – extension of Egyptian control into Nubia • New Kingdom (1570-1075) – militaristic - Hebrews enslaved – mummification perfected I. Geography • River dominates Egyptian world/thought • Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis – Permits some trade – Defense from invasion • Contributes to feeling of safety – preserves artifacts 1 2 3 4 5 6 “Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 I. The Nile • yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion – Predictable – Irrigation systems • Encourages – Trade – Communication – Political unity 1 2 3 4 5 6 I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6 I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6 I. The Nile I. The Nile • Impact on religion – divided life - living and dying. • East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples • West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs 1 2 3 4 5 6 II. Religion • Omnipresence of religion • Polytheistic – interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun – over 2000 gods • Pharaoh as living god • Afterlife – Evolution of who has an afterlife • Old vs. New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6 II. Osiris • God of the Dead - “rebirth” and the weighing of the heart • Evolution of Egyptian mythology – known as a ruler in the Nile delta – a local god – regional god. 1 2 3 4 5 6 II. Horus • Horus, god of balance and harmony • maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. 1 2 3 4 5 6 II. Early Pyramids Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 1 2 3 4 5 6 Why build Pyramids? • Belief in the afterlife demanded: 1. Bodies be interred whole 2. Material goods for use in afterlife be present • The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs 1. First were mastabas 2. Then pyramids 3. Then later… hidden tombs Mastaba II. Great Pyramid • Tomb for Khufu • an almost perfect square (deviation .05%) • Orientation is exactly North, South, East West • 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high • 20 years to build • Average block weighs 2.5 tons – Some weigh 9 tons! 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu 1 2 3 4 5 6 Queen Pyramids in front 1 2 3 4 5 6 III. The Pharaoh • God-King - unlike Mesopotamia – Temporal power • • • • owns all the land and people and what people posses law vs. Pharaoh's will irrigation no city walls 1 2 3 4 5 6 III. The Pharaoh • God-King - unlike Mesopotamia – Religious • direct descendant of the Sun god • controls access to the afterlife • July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh – 365 day calendar. 1 2 3 4 5 6 III. Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork 1 2 3 4 5 6 IV. Daily Life in Egypt • Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs • main food is beer and bread – Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet • common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height • Four social classes - slaves on the bottom • Most common job … farming 1 2 3 4 5 6 IV. Farmers in Egypt 1 2 3 4 5 6 IV. Hieroglyphics • Language is written without vowels • Different pronunciations – MNFR as Memphis – SR as Osiris – TTMS as either Thutmose, Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese • Who learns this writing style? 1 2 3 4 5 6 IV. Hieroglyphics • Use in temples • Rosetta Stone • Napoleon and Egyptology. 1 2 3 4 5 6 IV. Egyptian Artwork Stela (carved stone) Egyptian Farmers & animals Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you! 1 2 3 4 5 6 V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE • End of civil wars, farming and trade return • move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes) • public improvements – drain swamps, canal to Red Sea • belief in afterlife expands to include common people • tombs instead of pyramids – better protection for mummies. 1 2 3 4 5 6 V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE 1 2 3 4 5 6 VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE • Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt • Known as the Empire period • development of “public” and “private” zones at temples. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos 1 2 3 4 5 6 VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE • Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature – incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses – development of a professional army • became a slave based economy fueled by war and expansion 1 2 3 4 5 6 VI. Threats to Tradition • Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm. • Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”) • He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavored to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes. 1 2 3 4 5 6 VI. Threats to Tradition 1355-1335 BCE • Nefertiti – Wife of Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism – political move against priests of Amon-Re – moved capital to Amarna – worshipped Aton, the sun disk • royal inbreeding. 1 2 3 4 5 6 VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE • • • • (King Tut) child ruler ruled nine years, died at 18 young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation 1 2 3 4 5 6 VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) • • • • greatest New Kingdom ruler military leader of Egypt expanded into southern Turkey built many monuments to himself • last gasp of Egyptian power. 1 2 3 4 5 6 VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) 1 2 3 4 5 6 VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) 1 2 3 4 5 6