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Warm up • What impact did the Peloponnesian War have on the rise and fall of Athens and Sparta? Ancient Greece Alexander the Great and Hellenism Key Terms • Hellenism • Alexandria Alexander the Great • Became king of Macedonia at age 20 • Prepared to lead • Tutored by Aristotle • Knowledge of science, geography, and literature • Kept copy of The Iliad under his pillow for inspiration Alexander’s Goals • Fulfill his father’s wishes • First goal was to invade Persia • Led 35,000 soldiers into Persia to defeat the Persians at Granicus • Darius III, king of Persia, was shocked and raised army of about 75,000 Defeat of Persians • Alexander defeated Persians again at Issus • Alexander now had control of Anatolia • Darius offered Alexander a peace settlement that would give 1/3 of Persian empire to Alexander • Alexander turned it down, knowing he would be able to get more Alexandria • Alexander moved into Persian controlled Egypt • Welcomed by Egyptians as a liberator • Did not have to fight • Crowned pharaoh • Created city of Alexandria on the Nile River, to be cultural center. Alexander to Mesopotamia • After taking Egypt, Alexander moved into Mesopotamia • Fought Darius and his army of 250,000 at Gaugamela and won • Now controlled many wealthy areas of Persia, including Babylon • Burned city of Persepolis as revenge for burning of Athens Death of Darius III • Alexander the Great followed Darius to the Caspian see • When he found Darius, he had already been murdered • Alexander ordered the murders to be caught and killed Alexander in India • After taking most of Mesopotamia, he made his way into the Indus Valley • His troops won battle at Hydaspes River, but wanted to return home and did not want to fight anymore • Had fought for 11 years and traveled 11,000 miles Death of Alexander • Took his men back to Babylon • Kept trying to unite his huge empire • Died of malaria in Babylon at age of 32 Hellenistic Culture • Blending of Greek culture with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures • Spoke same language of koine • Center of Hellenistic world was Alexandria Egypt Hellenistic Achievements Astronomy • Aristrachus believed sun was 300x larger than earth and Earth and other planets revolved around the sun (refused to support this theory) • Ptolemy believed Earth was center of solar system (excepted theory for 14 centuries) • Eratosthenes calculated size of Earth at 24,662 miles • Actual size is 24,860 miles Mathematics • Euclid wrote book “The Elements” which studies Geometry • Still use this as basis for geometry courses Mathematics and Physics • Archimedes created the value of pi to find circumference of a circle • Also invented the lever and pulley system and catapult Reflection • What impact did Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic culture have on modern society today?