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Chapter 1 Early Civilizations Mesopotamia & The Nile City States of Mesopotamia Figure 1-3 p10 III. Civilization in Mesopotamia Sumerian Cities Sumerian Cities Surrounded by walls. Mud brick structures Accumulation of surplus wealth Ziggurat – the temple Excavation of Warka showing the ruins of Uruk Kingship King believed to be of divine origin Theocracy – priests and priestesses had an important role in governance, gods ruled cities actual ruling power rested with the king Royal Standard of Ur, 2700 B.C.E. Rise of surplus of wealth led to a more Militarized society ruled by a king p11 Economy Agriculture Commerce and industry (woolen textiles, pottery, metal work) Imported copper, tin and timber Utilized the wheel that had been invented by nomads in 3000BCE Society Four Tiered Hierarchy Elites Dependent commoners Free commoners elites clients who worked for the palace and temple estates farmers 90% OF POP, merchants, scribes, craftspeople Slaves belonged to palace officials, mostly female slaves to weave cloth and grind grain and to rich landowners who used them for agricultural and Social Change with Urbanization VIllage Patrifocal Concentration of wealth Stratification of wealth Sexual morality regulated Paternity & inheritance Pastoral After 3500BCE – city influences Increasingly organized around raiding & military For some women participated equally Greece & Persia Sauromatian & Saka Rode, hunted, went into battle Married after first kill III. Empires in Mesopotamia Sargon’s Empire (2340BCE – 2100BCE) By 2300 – women & sex trade 2340BCE Sargon, leader of the Semitic people He used former rulers as governors Power was a standing army of 5,400 men He expanded the empire to include all of Mesopotamia and lands westward to the Mediterranean Women During Sargon Could inherit property Exercised political power Played an important role in temple rituals Sumerian Queens had seals, occupied important positions of influence Enheduanna, Priestess of the Temple of Ur – Sargon’s daughter Emergence of “Women’s Work” & Domesticity Slaves & commoners – produced food, textiles & Ceramics Women & Religion Shamans Cult Leaders Goddesses Minoan mother goddess 2800 BCE Greek Island, Crete III. Empires in Mesopotamia Hammurabi’s Empire (1792- 1750 B.C.E.) Employed an army of foot soldiers (axes, spears, copper or bronze daggers) Divided and subdued opponents Gained control of Sumer and Akkad creating a new Mesopotamia Called himself sun of Babylon, the king who has made the four quarters of the world subservient new capital at Babylon p12 Social Changes Institutional Patriarchy Tribute Extraction Social Stratification – disproportionate power system beginning of Eurasian Slave trade Society became a political institution that enslaved numerous members of its population to provide order and stability for itself Law codes promoted universal standards of behavior Irrigation & extensive military defense Decline of Women’s status Generally Devaluation of social freedoms Denial of claims to the results of their labor Reshaping of spiritual expression Murder of a woman marked down from Capital offense (2000 BCE) to a fine under Hammurabi code (1750BCE Work became gender based, women paid less if it was the same Right to inherit ended after 2000BCE Women’s political & religious positions of power and roles ended by 1000BCE III. Empires in Mesopotamia The Code of Hammurabi: Society in Mesopotamia (Discussion) What does the code reveal about culture and society? PP 18-19 of text Do the codes evidence a “system of strict justice” or represent a code that is written in the principle of “an eye for an eye” or system of equal punishment? What type of justice system is it? Stele of Hammurabi Depicts Kings Divinity Records the code Judges encouraged men to sell women & children to satisfy debts p14 Changes For women Right to inherit property eroded after 2000BCE By 1000 BCE political power passed to men Decline of women’s spiritual power Myths emerged that recounted legendary battles between earth goddesses and sky thunder gods arose By 1000 BCE no longer permitted to take on cultic roles such as priestesses III. Culture of Mesopotamia The Importance of Religion Understanding of physical environment Polytheistic An – God of Sky (Earth Goddess had originally been more prominent) Enlil- God of wind Enki – God of earth, rivers, wells and canals and inventions of crafts Ninhursaga – goddess of soil, mountains, vegetation Mother goddess, mother of all children Gave birth to kings p15 III. Writing & Sciences Cuneiform “wedge-shaped” Oldest texts 3000 B.C.E. Writing as a form of communication and knowledge transference is only 5,000 years old Math, Geometry, Astronomy, 12 month Calendar Cuneiform Developed for record keeping Scribal education established to produce professionally trained elite scribes Temples, palaces, military, government Table 1-1 p12 Development of Cuneiform 3100 – 700 B.C.E The sign for star came to mean “god” or “Sky” p15 IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile” Figure 1-4 p17 IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile” A. The Impact of Geography The Nile- gentle and predicable Black land – fertile soil Red land – deserts to the west and east Lower Egypt – delta region Upper Egypt – upstream and to the south Protected from invasion Prosperous agricultural economy Development of trade Old, Middle & New Kingdoms Periods of Long term stability Strong Monarchical authority Competent Bureaucracy Freedom from invasion Construction of temples and pyramids Intellectual and cultural activity Intermediate Periods Period between the three Kingdoms Weak political structures Rivalry for leadership Invasions Decline in construction Restructuring of society First Dynasty of Egypt 3100 BCE King Menes United Upper and Lower Egypt Double Crown Created to represent unification Began the longest civilization in history Longest home rule in history Most favorable for women p23 Old Kingdom 3-6th Dynasties, 2686 – 2180 BCE Capital at Memphis Kingship: the Pharaoh – divine origin Kings Family - administrative Ruled according to principle of Ma’at Conveyed ideas of truth and justice, right order and harmony Development of 4th Dynasty Bureaucracy Office of Vizier “Steward of the whole Land” Responsible to the King Nomes & Nomarchs Egypt divided into provinces 22 – Upper Egypt 20- - Lower Egypt Nomarch – or governor administrated and was responsible to the King and Vizier Middle Kingdom 2055 – 1650 BCE Nomes restructured with boundaries and obligations to state clarified Nomarchs became hereditary officeholders Collected state taxes Recruited labor for royal projects New concern of Pharaohs for the people King Menkaure & Queen Invasion my Hyksos of W. Asia ended the Middle Kingdom by 1650 BCE Hyksos prevailed with horse-drawn Chariots Ruled for 100 years p19 IV. D. Culture of Egypt Four Tiered Hierarchy God-King Nobles & Priests Merchants & Artisans Extensive trade & international travel Commoners or farmers Paid taxes Military & labor service IV. D. Culture of Egypt Polytheistic Sun God – Atum, Re Air God – Amon River and land god and goddess – Osiris and Isis, born Horus Osiris – symbol of resurrection and birth Culture of Egypt - Construction Complexes or cities of the dead Incorporated Pyramids Mastabas Larger for kings burial, smaller or family Rectangular structures with flat roofs, tombs for noble officials Tombs Rooms furnished and stocked so the Ka or spiritual body could return to a well preserved physical body (mummification) Culture of Egypt – Art and Writing Hieroglyphics – “priest carvings” or “sacred Writings” Developed to record and transmit knowledge Pictographic like Cuneiform Medical books, literature, record keeping Children taken to educate as scribes for royalty and government Opportunity to rise in social status Pictographic writing of Egypt p15 IV. E. Egyptian Empire 18th Dynasty Pharoahs used new weapons to throw off Hyksos and reunite Egypt New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 BCE Most powerful state in the Middle East Massive wealth displayed by new temples Queen Hatshepsut 1503-1480BCE First of four women to become Pharaoh Built the great temple Deir el Bahri near Thebes Sent out military expeditions Encouraged mining Fostered agriculture Sponsored trade expeditions Women In Egypt Maintained economic agency right to inherit property for thousands of years Monogamous marriage Could initiate and seek divorce Women: scribes, bakers, prophets, temple workers Women’s political agency Queens Priestesses- controlled territory as virtual rulers, collected taxes and spent resources Elite Women could become gods after death, Kingdom of Nubia p23 Akhenaten & Religious Change 18th C Amenhotep (1364-1347 BCE) introduced the worship of Aten, god of the sun disk (Monotheistic Religion) Changed his name to Akhenaten – Servant of Aten Closed temples of other gods Lessened power of Amon-Re and the priesthood at Thebes Replaced the Capital of Thebes with Akhetaten “Horizon of Aten” in modern Tell el-Amarna Decline of Egyptian Empire 19th Dynasty under Ramses II (1279 – 1213 BCE) restored Egyptian power Regained Canaan 13th Century invasions by “sea peoples” drove borders to original frontiers 20th Dynasty in 1070 for 1000 years Libyans Nubians/Kushites Persians Macedonians