Download What is a civilization?

9/22/10
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What is a civilization?
Why did ancient civilizations develop in
river valleys?
Expectations
RESPECT: In class, it is essential that students share opinions and learn
from one another. Give your teacher and colleagues respect, listen
to their thoughts, and do not talk while they are talking. If you would
like to share your opinions, raise your hand.
PROFESSIONALISM: It is important for you to begin to consider
yourselves professional scholars. As such, you are expected to do
your best and work hard throughout each class period. You are
also expected to behave maturely; this entails your conduct in class,
your choice of words, and the products you produce. In addition, you
should seek help when it is needed.
CLASS RULES:
• Be prepared and on time for class.
• Heads must be up at all times; no sleeping in class.
• IPods, cell phones, and other electronic devices should be turned off
and put away before entering the classroom.
• Eating should take place in the cafeteria, not the classroom.
• 10-10 Rule: No bathroom/water fountain trips during the first or last 10
minutes of class.
• You are responsible for work when you are out of the room (absent,
tardy, bathroom, etc.).
Consequences
(More serious infractions may not follow this
sequence)
• 1st Infraction: Warning (verbal and/or written on
board)
• 2nd Infraction: Conference with teacher
• 3rd Infraction: Phone call home
• 4th Infraction: Referral to administration
Objective(s)
SWBAT understand the P.E.R.S.I.A. history
framework
SWBAT demonstrate knowledge of ancient
river valley civilizations, including those of
Mesopotamia and Egypt by:
1.
Locating these civilizations in time and place
2. Explaining why ancient civilizations
developed in river valleys
What is a civilization?
A society in an advanced state of social
development – e.g., with complex
political and religious organization.
P.E.R.S.I.A.
A framework for analyzing history…
P
Political:
• Gaining and using power to govern
society
• Events related to the functions of the
government such as making, enforcing,
and interpreting laws
• Military will also be included in this
category
E
Economic:
• How people meet their basic material
needs:
– System of production of goods and services
(e.g., trade)
– Management of material wealth (e.g.,
taxation, banking)
R
Religious:
• People’s religious beliefs and their
institutions
• How beliefs and institutions affect
public and private life, especially the
moral framework that guides people and
society
S
Social:
• People in groups: their living together,
relations with one another, and rituals
of daily life
• Includes such issues as class, gender,
economic status, and ethnicity
I
Intellectual:
• The way people think about and express
their knowledge
• Includes people’s philosophy, values,
beliefs, and attitudes as well as
technology (tools to make life easier)
A
Artistic:
• Arts and institutions of a given group of
people at a given time
• Artistic is about the creative drive in
people and the ways they express that
creativity through various means:
painting, sculpture, architecture,
literature, and music
P.E.R.S.I.A. represents the six needs
common to all people throughout history…
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
The need for law and order
The need to survive/make a living
The need for religious expression
The need for social organization
The need for knowledge and learning
The need for artistic self-expression
Geography
Mesopotamia means, “The land
between the rivers.”
Mesopotamia is located between
the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
in what is now Iraq.
The oldest civilization (Sumer)
was found in this region.
This area was
part of the
Fertile
Crescent:
A fertile arc of
land from the
eastern coast
of the
Mediterranea
n Sea,
through
Mesopotamia,
to the
Persian Gulf
*Rich soil and a lot of crops led to the development of
civilization in Mesopotamia
Aral
Sea
Black Sea
Tigris
Mediterranean
Sea
Nile
Euphrates
Mesopotamia
is formed by
the Tigris and
Euphrates
Rivers
These rivers
empty into
the Persian
Gulf
Regions
Sumer
Fist civilization
in
Mesopotamia
Assyria
Akkad
Babylon
Sumer
Akkad
Ur
Assyria
Geography of Ancient Egypt
Egypt is located on the Nile River. The
most important thing to the Egyptians
about the Nile was the yearly flooding.
The Nile would flood each year in the
spring and would deposit a rich layer of
silt, or soil, on either side of the river.
The rich soil around the Nile was called
the ‘Black Land.’ The ancient Egyptians
used this land to grow their crops. The
desert was called the ‘Red Land.’ The
desert provided the ancient Egyptians
with a source for precious metals and
stones.
Egypt had several natural barriers (e.g.,
desserts and rivers) that helped to
protect it from invasion.
River Valley Civilizations
Independent Practice
Directions:
1. Read the article
2. Respond to the question
3. Ask for help if/when you need it
Exit Slip
Identify two reasons that ancient
civilizations developed in river valleys
Do Now
What is a Venn Diagram? What is it used for?
Objective(s)
Using the P.E.R.S.I.A. framework, SWBAT
compare and contrast ancient
Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt while
identifying important characteristics
of each civilization
1.
Describe the development of political, economic,
and social patterns
2. Explain the development of religious traditions
3. Explain the development of language and writing
Comparing
Mesopotamia & Egypt
(two ancient river valley civilizations)
Political
Why do people form
governments?
Why do people form
governments?
• Create laws to maintain public order
• Security:
– Protection from outside threats
– Protection from one another
The first
governments
arose to deal
with flooding
and to channel
water to fields.
•
These complex tasks
required leadership.
•
As rulers of ancient cities
became more powerful,
they conquered neighboring
territory to create empires.
Mesopotamia: Politics
Politics:
The political system was a Theocracy –
religious authority by divine rulers
Divine Rulers – kings who got their
power to rule from gods and therefore
had god-like powers themselves; kings
were aided by priests
There was no central government.
Mesopotamia was divided into
independent city-states, which often
fought for control of land and water.
City-States:
A city and its
surrounding territory
(e.g., Ur, Uruk).
The cities were
surrounded by great
walls to offer protection.
Stone was scarce, so most
buildings were made of
mud bricks.
An Eye for an Eye
and a Tooth for a
Tooth
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia
An EMPIRE is a large political unit, or state, with a single leader.
The city-state of Babylon rose to power led by king
Hammurabi.
Hammurabi collected the laws of his region and wrote them
down for all to see. This is called HAMMURABI’S CODE.
He wrote them down so everyone would know what the laws
were and could not use ignorance as an excuse to escape
justice.
The law code covered just about everything from business to
personal law and is seen as very harsh now, but was pretty
standard for its time.
What should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that falls and
kills the owner?
Code 229: If a builder builds a house for a man and does not make its
construction sound, and the house which he has built collapses and causes
the death of the owner of the house, the builder shall be put to death.
230 If it killed the son of the owner the son of that builder shall be put to
death.
231 If it killed a slave of the owner, then he shall pay slave for slave to the
owner of the house.
What should be done when a "sister of god" (or nun) enters the wine shop
for a drink?
Code 110: If a "sister of god" (nun) who is not living in a convent
opens a wine shop or enters a wine shop for a drink, they shall
burn that woman.
What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts?
Code 117: If a man be in debt and is unable to pay his creditors, he
shall sell his wife, son, or daughter, or bind them over to service.
For three years they shall work in the houses of their purchaser or
master; in the fourth year they shall be given their freedom.
What should happen to a boy who slaps his father?
Code 195: If a son strikes his father, they shall cut off his hand.
Miscellaneous:
196 If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.
200 If a man knocks out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked
out.
21 If any one break a hole into a house (break in
to steal), he shall be put to death before that hole
and be buried.
22 If any one is committing a robbery and is
caught, then he shall be put to death.
Egypt: Politics
Egyptian kings came to be known as Pharaohs.
The Pharaoh was seen as divine, or godlike.
The Pharaoh was the absolute monarch (had
complete control of the land and resources),
but ruled with the help of advisors.
The Chief advisor to the Pharaoh was the
Vizier.
The Egyptian Pharaohs organized
a strong central government.
Decline
• Egypt fell into a period of
decline and foreign invasion
(this is a pattern we are going
to see A LOT)
• Egypt was ruled by many
different people and eventually
defeated by the Romans
• The last Pharaoh of Egypt was
Cleopatra VII, who committed
suicide rather than surrender
to the Romans
Economic
Mesopotamia: Economy
Economy:
•The economy was based on
agriculture and trade
•The Sumerians were known for
metalworking – working with
copper, tin, and gold; they traded
these metal goods with other city
states
Egypt: Economy
The Pharaoh controlled the economy
The economy was based on farming and trade
The Nile created fertile land for farming
The Egyptians traded gold and wheat to other
countries along the Mediterranean
Since a money system didn’t exist, trade was
done by bartering
Gold
Religious
Mesopotamia: Religion
The Sumerians were Polytheistic: they believed in many gods
The Sumerians believed it was their duty to serve the gods.
If the gods were not happy then they would be punished by a
flood or natural disaster. The flooding of the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers was unpredictable and so the Sumerians
lived in constant fear.
The Sumerians also believed in an underworld for the spirits
of the dead.
Goddess
The most important building in the city state was
the Ziggurat, a massive stepped tower with a
temple in the top of it.
They were believed to be homes for gods and
goddesses. Only priests were permitted on the
ziggurat and it was their responsibility to care for
the gods and attend to their needs. As a result,
priests were very powerful members of Sumerian
society.
Egypt: Religion
•Religion was closely tied to daily life
•The Egyptians were polytheistic, worshipping many
different gods
•The most important god was Ra, the god of the sun
It was believed that each
person had a Ka, or soul. The
practice of mummification
began because it was believed
that the soul could exist in the
afterlife only so long as the
body was preserved.
Ra
Osiris
God of the afterlife, the
underworld, and the dead;
Mummification
A process completed to preserve the body
so that the soul could stay in the afterlife
Social
Mesopotamia: Society
Social Divisions:
Three social groups:
•Nobles – kings, priests, army officers
•Commoners – farmers (90% of people), merchants, fishers,
craftspeople
•Slaves – worked for nobles in the palace and on large farms
Daily Life
The people
had a positive
attitude
toward life.
Egypt had a hierarchical
social structure
Pharaoh
Priests
Nobles
Monogamy was
the rule, and
women had
more rights in
Ancient Egypt
than the rest
of the Ancient
world.
Merchant Class
Peasants and Slaves
Women could
own property,
business, and
request a
divorce.
Intellectual
Development of Writing
Cuneiform
This was the first written language.
Its name means wedge shaped writing.
It was invented by the Sumerians.
Writing was originally created as a way to keep records for
agriculture and trade, but eventually was used for art and
literature.
No paper = characters were carved into clay tablets using a tool
called a stylus made from a stick or reed.
Scribes were people who were trained to write.
Sumerian Technology
The Sumerians were the first to do a lot of things:
•Invented written language (what was it called?)
•Took the wheel and used it for carts to transport goods and people
•Invented the potter’s wheel for making pottery
•Made Bronze
•Used the arch in architecture
Sumerian Mathematics
The Sumerians invented a number system based on 60.
We still see the influences of this today in our time system and Geometry.
Writing began in Egypt around 3000 B.C.
There were different types of writing for different occasions
Hieroglyphics were ideograms used for formal writing
The Egyptians carved their writing on stone, or wrote on papyrus,
a form of paper made from a reed that grew along the Nile River
For a long time archaeologists were
unable to translate hieroglyphics
The discovery of the Rosetta stone
allowed for the translation of
Hieroglyphics
It contained the same passage in three
languages
1. Hieroglyphics
2. Greek
3. Demotic
Egyptian Advancements in
Math and Science
• The Egyptians used math to calculate area
and volume in building the pyramids and in
surveying flooded land for farming
• The Egyptians developed a 365-day calendar
• The practice of mummification led to
advances in medical knowledge
Artistic
Art was primarily
used for religious
purposes
Pyramids were built during the
Old Kingdom
They were designed to be tombs
for the Pharaoh
The sphinx is a mythological
creature in association with the
solar deities of ancient Egyptians
and is seen on architecture
throughout Egypt
Step Pyramid of Zoser
Obelisk of
Sphinx and Pyramids
At Giza
Hatshepsut
In Egyptian art the human body is usually
shown in profile or partial profile
Ancient Mesopotamia
http://www.disclose.tv/action/viewvideo/4719
/Ancient_Mesopotamia/
Ancient Egypt
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/pl
ayer/places/countries-places/egypt/tombsof-ancient-egypt.html
Ancient Egypt Quiz
http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210200/anci
ent_egypt/online_activities.htm
Writing a Letter without Vowels
In their writing, the Egyptians left out
most vowels. Your job is to write a
letter to your partner using no vowels and
see if they can fill in the blanks.
Your Task: Create a real estate brochure about the
civilization of your choice – Mesopotamia or Egypt
You are a real estate agent and it is your job to create a brochure designed to
encourage people to move to your area. Therefore, you want to talk about the
most positive aspects of your civilization/community.
Your brochure must address at least three of the categories from the P.E.R.S.I.A.
framework (choose three: political, economic, religious, social, intellectual, artistic).
You should:
-Describe the categories you choose for your civilization (who, what, where, why)
-Explain the advantages of living in your civilization (why would someone want to live
there?). These advantages should be convincing – remember, you are SELLING
your civilization/community.
Your brochure should include pictures so that prospective residents can visualize your
civilization/community. The brochure should be colorful and well-organized.
Rubric
3 Addresses at least three categories from the P.E.R.S.I.A. framework; includes strong
descriptions about each category; uses convincing evidence to explains the
advantages of living in the civilization; includes pictures and is well-organized
2 Addresses two categories from the P.E.R.S.I.A. framework; descriptions are brief;
advantages are identified but not convincing; some pictures; somewhat wellorganized
1 Addresses one category from the P.E.R.S.I.A. framework; descriptions are minimal or
non-existent; advantages are not identified; pictures are not related; brochure is
confusing/not well-organized
Exit Slip
Using the P.E.R.S.I.A. framework,
identify two similarities
between ancient Mesopotamia
and ancient Egypt