Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder a condition in which behavior is judged: atypical- not enough in itself disturbing- varies with time & culture maladaptive- harmful unjustifiable- sometimes there’s a good reason Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy- full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood Psychological Disorders Medical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital Psychological Disorders Biological (Evolution, individual genes, brain structures and chemistry) Sociocultural (Roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder) Bio-psycho-social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors Psychological combine and interact (Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, to produce mood-related perceptions and memories) psychological disorders Psychological Disorders- Etiology DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders Psychological Disorders- Etiology Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety Psychotic disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder client is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Phobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation Anxiety Disorders Common and uncommon fears 100 Percentage 90 of people 80 surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Snakes Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs in high, on an closed in, and and alone exposed airplane in a insects lightning In a places small house place at night Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it Driving Being Cats a car In a crowd of people Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation Anxiety Disorders Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or Behavior Percentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, or grooming 85 Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, car brake, homework 51 46 Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Amnesia selective memory loss often brought on by extreme stress Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Fugue flight from one’s home and identity accompanies amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder Mood Disorders Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities Mood Disorders Mania a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder Mood DisordersSuicide Suicides per 70 100,000 people 60 50 The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood 40 30 20 10 0 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Males Females Mood DisordersSuicide Suicide rate per 100,000 people In recent decades teen suicides have soared 12 8 4 0 1960 Ages 15-19 1993 All Ages Mood DisordersDepression 25 Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life Around the world women are more susceptible to depression 20 20 15 15 10 10 55 00 USA Edmonton Puerto Rico Males Females Paris West Florence Beirut Germany Taiwan Korea New Zealand Mood DisordersBipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood DisordersDepression Brain chemistry Cognition Mood Altering any one component of the chemistrycognition-mood circuit can alter the others Mood DisordersDepression 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 2 Negative explanatory style 3 Depressed mood The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point Schizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation “split mind” a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions Schizophrenia Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations false sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus Schizophrenia Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated or residual: Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the above types Schizophrenia Lifetime risk 40 of developing schizophrenia 30 for relatives of a schizophrenic 20 10 0 General population Siblings Children Fraternal Children Identical twin of two twin schizophrenia victims Personality Disorders Personality Disorders disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person (usually male) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist Personality Disorders Adrenaline 15 Excretion(ng/min.) Those with criminal convictions have lower levels of arousal 10 5 0 Nonstressful situation Stressful situation No criminal conviction Criminal conviction Personality Disorders 35 30 Percentage of criminal offenders 25 20 15 10 5 0 Total crime Childhood poverty Thievery Obstetrical complications Violence Both poverty and obstetrical complications Rates of Psychological Disorders Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders Ethnicity Gender Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6