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Psychological Disorders Understanding the Human Mind Understanding Disorders • When someone has a psychological disorder, or disease of the mind, they find it difficult to cope with ordinary stresses of daily life • These disorders have a number of causes: error in nature (chemical imbalance), genetic components, environment (history of abuse) • Stereotyping: we assume that all people who are mentally ill share the same characteristics • 2 major classifications for psychological (mental) disorders: 1. Neurotic Disorders • Less serious form of disorder • React with fear or dread to everyday situations • Find life difficult but still able to function within society 2. Psychotic Disorders • Often lose touch with reality • Life is dominated by delusions and hallucinations • Usually appears in late teens/early twenties Neurotic Disorders • Panic attacks – Characterized by intense fear and anxiety • Physical and/or emotional – Often begins in early adulthood • Related to stresses? – Affects 2-4% of the population (more likely in women) – Treatment: medication and therapy (cognitive and behaviour) – Up to 10% of Canadians suffer from one or more anxiety disorders • Phobias – ”an irrational, often debilitating fear,” meaning there is no basis in reality • Incredible effect on daily life – Examples: • Claustrophobia (confined spaces), social phobia (saying or doing something wrong around others), tropophobia (moving or making changes), agoraphobia (public spaces) – Treatment: exposure therapy, involves gradually confronting the dreaded situation – Relaxation Techniques: deep-breathing exercises • Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) – Recurrent obsessions or compulsions that interfere with daily life – Patient feels something awful will happen if they do not repeat routine behaviours – Patient usually recognizes the disorder • Accompanied by feelings of shame – Occur from brain injury, inherited, environmental factors – Treatment: therapy/counseling & medication Psychotic Disorders • Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASP) – Aka: sociopathy – “lifelong pervasive pattern of rule breaking and violating the rights of others” • Usually begins before 15 – Symptoms include: • Pathological lying, difficulty expressing feelings, hallucinations/delusions, feel no empathy (serial killers) - Some reasons: insufficient bonding between infants and mothers, an abusive childhood, impoverished home environment – Treatment: hospitalization, medication, curable? • Major Depression – Characterized by deeply unhappy feelings, little pleasure in life – Accompanied by anxiety, little to no appetite, sometimes suicide attempts – Treatment: counseling, medication • Bipolar Affective Disorder – Extreme mood changes – Both manic and depressive • Manic: confused and aggressive behaviour, unlimited energy and trouble sleeping • Depressive: extreme fatigue, sadness, and sense of futility – Treatment: medication and counseling • Schizophrenia – distortion of reality, social withdrawal and disturbances of thought, perception, motor activity and emotions – Several types ranging from complete withdrawal to catatonic • Catatonic schizophrenia: rigid and mute, hold positions for hours without moving – Research suggests a genetic link – Treatment: drug therapy For Tomorrow • Read A Tale of Two Sociopaths • Answer questions 1-3 from case study • As well Recap 1-3 on pg. 99