Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 12 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Leo Kanner, 1943, first described autism Asperger syndrome named for Hans Asperger Early belief in “refrigerator mothers” 1981 – Lorna Wing distinguished autism and Asperger syndrome 1990 – autism category added to IDEA Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 …a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 PDD Autism Asperger Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Rett’s Disorder PDD (NOS) – Not otherwise specified Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Much controversy about prevalence Some organizations say 1 : 166 children IDEA estimates .18% of all school-age children with disabilities ages 6-12 DSM-IV-TR reported rate of 5 per 10,000 children No consensus exists Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Dr. Bernard Rimland introduces terminology About 10% of the population with autism have splintering skills in areas such as Mathematical calculations Memory feats Artistic and musical abilities Reading Hyperlexia– ability to read without formal instruction Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Biological Brain-Based Environmental May be inherited Abnormalities in cerebellum Controversy over immunization Higher frequency of siblings with autism No single gene responsible Abnormalities in frontal and temporal lobes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Difficulty relating to others Wide range of language and communication disorders Insistence on environmental sameness Stereotypic, repetitive, self-stimulatory behaviors Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cognitive abilities vary widely Over-reliance on rote memory Lacking a theory of mind Problem solving challenges Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Language disorders Problems with communicative intent Asperger language problems Immaturity Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Stimulus overselectivity Self-stimulatory behaviors Generalization difficulties Sensory issues Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Intellectual 75 % of individuals with autism have mental retardation; IQ norms between 35-50 Behavioral Behavior screening examples Childhood Autism Rating Scale; Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI) Functional behavior assessment Required by IDEA Functional Assessment Measures skills needed for independent living Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Typical Programs Often Include: Intervention prior to age 3 20 – 45 hours of intervention weekly Active family involvement Focus on communication and development Individualized interventions Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Teach work skills Teach self-help skills Teach play, leisure and recreation skills Teach social skills Teach sex education Teach home management skills Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Environmental supports Visual supports Home base Assistive technology Instructional practices Priming - familiarize students with academic material ahead of time Discrete trial training (DDT) - highly specialized approach to teaching skills Prompting - providing physical or verbal cues to specific behaviors Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Applied Behavior Analysis (Lovaas) Discrete Trial Training (DTT) (1) Discriminative Stimulus (SD) - the trainer's command (2) the child's response (3) the consequence (reward) (4) a short pause between the consequence and the next instruction (between interval trials). “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Psychological and Medical Services Floor time (Greenspan) Sensory Perception Programs address issues of tactile defensiveness or extreme reaction to auditory stimulus Medications used to alleviate symptoms such as aggression, anxiety, or obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD Facilitated Communication (not effective) “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Manual sign language PECS: Picture Exchange Communication System Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Instruction in social skills Social stories SOCCSS Situation Options Consequences Choices Strategies Simulation Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Parents need information and support Need for intensive, early intervention for child Role of parent is very demanding Siblings also need support Siblings play an important role Need resources appropriate to age Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Better techniques for early diagnosis and assessment Evidence-based interventions More programs to train professionals Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008