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Chapter 12
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Leo Kanner, 1943, first described autism
 Asperger syndrome named for Hans Asperger
 Early belief in “refrigerator mothers”
 1981 – Lorna Wing distinguished autism and
Asperger syndrome
 1990 – autism category added to IDEA
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
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…a developmental disability
significantly affecting verbal and
nonverbal communication and
social interaction, generally evident
before age three, that adversely
affects a child’s educational
performance.
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
PDD
Autism
Asperger
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Childhood
Disintegrative
Disorder
Rett’s
Disorder
PDD (NOS) –
Not otherwise
specified
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Much controversy about prevalence
 Some organizations say 1 : 166 children
 IDEA estimates .18% of all school-age
children with disabilities ages 6-12
 DSM-IV-TR reported rate of 5 per 10,000
children
 No consensus exists
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Dr. Bernard Rimland introduces terminology
 About 10% of the population with autism
have splintering skills in areas such as
 Mathematical calculations
 Memory feats
 Artistic and musical abilities
 Reading
 Hyperlexia– ability to read without
formal instruction
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Biological
Brain-Based
Environmental
May be inherited
Abnormalities
in cerebellum
Controversy
over
immunization
Higher frequency
of siblings with
autism
No single gene
responsible
Abnormalities
in frontal and
temporal lobes
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Difficulty relating to others
Wide range of language and
communication disorders
Insistence on environmental sameness
Stereotypic, repetitive, self-stimulatory
behaviors
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
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Cognitive abilities vary widely
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Over-reliance on rote memory
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Lacking a theory of mind
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Problem solving challenges
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Language disorders
Problems with communicative intent
Asperger language problems
Immaturity
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Stimulus overselectivity
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Self-stimulatory behaviors
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Generalization difficulties
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Sensory issues
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
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Intellectual
 75 % of individuals with autism have mental
retardation; IQ norms between 35-50
Behavioral
 Behavior screening examples
 Childhood Autism Rating Scale; Autism Diagnostic
Interview (ADI)
 Functional behavior assessment
 Required by IDEA
Functional Assessment
 Measures skills needed for independent living
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Typical Programs Often Include:
 Intervention prior to age 3
 20 – 45 hours of intervention weekly
 Active family involvement
 Focus on communication and development
 Individualized interventions
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Teach work skills
 Teach self-help skills
 Teach play, leisure and recreation skills
 Teach social skills
 Teach sex education
 Teach home management skills
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Environmental supports
 Visual supports
 Home base
 Assistive technology
 Instructional practices
 Priming - familiarize students with
academic material ahead of time
 Discrete trial training (DDT) - highly
specialized approach to teaching skills
 Prompting - providing physical or verbal
cues to specific behaviors
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Applied Behavior Analysis (Lovaas)
Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
(1) Discriminative Stimulus (SD) - the trainer's
command
(2) the child's response
(3) the consequence (reward)
(4) a short pause between the consequence and the
next instruction (between interval trials).
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Psychological and Medical Services
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Floor time (Greenspan)
Sensory Perception Programs address issues of tactile
defensiveness or extreme reaction to auditory stimulus
Medications used to alleviate symptoms such as
aggression, anxiety, or obsessive compulsive disorder,
ADHD
Facilitated Communication (not effective)
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
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 Manual sign language
 PECS: Picture Exchange Communication
System
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Instruction in social skills
 Social stories
 SOCCSS
 Situation
 Options
 Consequences
 Choices
 Strategies
 Simulation
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Parents need information and support
 Need for intensive, early intervention for
child
 Role of parent is very demanding
 Siblings also need support
 Siblings play an important role
 Need resources appropriate to age
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Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
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Better techniques for early diagnosis and
assessment

Evidence-based interventions

More programs to train professionals
Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008