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Chapter 6 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright Copyright © © Allyn Allyn & & Bacon Bacon 2008 2008 1902 -First description by Dr. George Still 1920s – Children who survived encephalitis lethargica often were distractible and impulsive 1930s – Dr. Charles Bradley used stimulant medication to control children’s behavior 1960s – term hyperactive was used Today – research on the brain’s role in ADHD Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 A pervasive pattern of inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivityimpulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development. (American Psychological Association, 2000) Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Predominately inattentive Predominately hyperactive/impulsive Combined Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 3-5% of the population 2-3 times as many boys identified as girls No difference in frequency among races Caucasian children more likely to receive medication for ADHD Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Physiological causes Heredity Brain differences Environmental Causes Lead poisoning Maternal prenatal smoking and alcohol consumption Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Problems with Executive Functioning Working memory is not efficient Self-directed speech not utilized effectively Difficulty controlling emotions or motivation Reconstitution – the ability to break down what is observed and to combine parts to carry out new actions Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Some students are very successful academically Other students consistently achieve below their potential Academic self-concept is important Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Self-esteem is a problem for some, but not all, students with ADHD Students often have problems coping with social functioning Developing and maintaining friendships Rejection by peers Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Failure to attend to details Make careless mistakes in work Failure to complete schoolwork Failure to listen when spoken to directly Difficulty organizing tasks and materials Avoidance of tasks that require sustained mental effort Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 ADHD may occur simultaneously with other disorders such as: Learning disabilities Tourette’s syndrome Emotional disabilities Autism Traumatic brain injury Psychiatric disorders Sleep disorders Substance abuse problems Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Medical Diagnosis Pediatrician, family physician, psychiatrist Diagnosis may occur before child enters school Educational referrals may come from Child’s classroom teacher Special education teacher Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Medical assessment Continuous performance tests DISC IV (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children) Parent rating scales and checklists – BASC, CBCL Teacher rating scales and checklists Samples of student’s work Anecdotal information Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Behavior Gifted Students ADHD Poor sustained attention Only in specific situations, e.g., when bored Difficulty in most situations Impulsivity Good judgment lags behind intellectual development Primary characteristic of ADHD Problems with Rules Question rules and create their own Inability to regulate behavior Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Does the ADHD “adversely affect” the student’s educational performance? Not all students with ADHD are eligible Students who are not eligible for IDEA may qualify for accommodations under Section 504 Students may be eligible because they also have a learning or emotional disability Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Diagnosis at an early age is difficult. If children’s symptoms of ADHD are severe, early intervention is crucial. Children may need a highly structured environment, immediate and consistent feedback, and age-appropriate rewards. Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Many students receive their education in general education classrooms. Professionals must collaborate with parents to find effective techniques for students with ADHD. Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 66% of students with ADHD continue to have the disorder into adulthood Many adults with ADHD are disorganized, impulsive, and have poor work skills Students need to have a clear understanding of their disorder and learn to advocate for themselves Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 The use of medication is controversial. The decision to prescribe medication only indirectly involves school personnel. Medication is helpful for many (70-80%) students for whom it is prescribed. Medication alone is not sufficient to improve academic performance Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Ritalin Concerta Focalin Adderall Strattera Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Parent and professional education Environmental supports for students Behavior interventions Rewards Token economy systems Structure Quick Pace Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Provide: Structure Quick pace Variety Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Have realistic expectations of parents Encourage parents to be good role models Help parents have realistic expectations Make related resources available Chapter 6: Students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008