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Adolescent Problems
The Biopsychosocial Approach
• Biological Factors
• Malfunctioning of body
• Psychological Factors
• Thoughts, emotions, learning, relationships
• Social Factors
• SES, neighborhood quality
A Developmental
Psychopathology Approach
• Internalizing problems:
• Occur when individuals turn problems inward
• Examples include anxiety and depression
• Externalizing problems:
• Occur when individuals turn problems outward
• An example is juvenile delinquency
Characteristics of Adolescent
Problems
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Problems vary in severity
Gender differences
Short-lived vs. persistent over years
SES background differences
Internal vs. external assets
Resilience
• Individual Factors
• Intelligence
• Family Factors
• Close relationships
• Extrafamilial Factors
• Relationships outside family
Resilience
Characteristics of Resilient Children
and
Adolescents
Fig. 14.2
Trends In Drug Use by HighSeniors
Trends in Drug Use by U.S. 8 -, 10 School
-, and 12 -Grade
Students
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Fig. 14.3
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Alcohol Effects
• Effects on Behavior
and Brain Activity
• Depressant
• Damage to muscle and brain cells
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Alcohol Effects
• Alcohol Use in Adolescence
and Emerging Adulthood
• Transition to college – critical time
• Binge-drinking
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Alcohol
Effects
Binge Drinking in the Transition from
Adolescence to Adulthood
Fig. 14.7
Alcohol Effects
• Risk Factors
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Heredity
Family Influences
Peer Relations
Personality
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Hallucinogens
• Drugs that alter perceptual
experiences and produce
hallucinations; also called
psychedelic or mind-altering drugs
• LSD
• Marijuana
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Hallucinogens
Trends in Marijuana Use by U.S. 8 -, 10 -, and 12 -Graders:
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Use in the Past Year
Fig. 14.4
th
Stimulants
• Drugs that increase the activity of the
central nervous system
Stimulants
• Cigarette Smoking
• Serious preventable health problem
• Use is decreasing
• Consequences
• Lung damage
• Emotional problems
• Programs to prevent smoking
Stimulants
Trends in Cigarette Smoking by U.S. Secondary School
Students
Fig. 14.5
Stimulants
• Cocaine
• 2.3% of adolescents use cocaine
• Unpredictable risk
• Amphetamines
• Ecstasy
Depressants
• Slow the central nervous system, bodily
functions, and behavior
• Barbiturates
• Opiates
Anabolic Steroids
• Drugs derived from the male sex
hormone testosterone. They promote
muscle growth and lean body mass.
Factors in Adolescent Drug
Use
• Interference with competent
coping skills and decision making
• By mid twenties – use decreases
• Parents, peers, and social support
• “Hands-on” parenting
• Role of schools in preventing drug
abuse
What is Juvenile Delinquency?
• Index offenses:
• Criminal acts at any age, such as robbery,
rape, and homicide
• Status offenses:
• Performed by youths under a specified age,
not as serious as index offenses. Include
drinking under age, truancy, sexual
promiscuity
Conduct Disorder
• The psychiatric diagnostic category
used when multiple behaviors occur
over a 6-month period
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Conduct Disorder
• Their delinquent behaviors include:
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Truancy
Running away
Physical cruelty to people & animals
Setting fires
Using drugs and alcohol
Violence and Youth
• Male
• Feelings of
powerlessness
• Poverty
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Violence and Youth
• At-Risk Youth
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Drugs and alcohol
Access to weapons
Antisocial, deviant peer group
Exposure to violence
Violence and Youth
• Recommendations for reducing violence
• Recommit to raising children safely and
effectively
• Make prevention a reality
• More support to schools
• Forge partnerships
Major Depressive Disorder
• Individual experiences a major depressive
episode and depressed characteristics for at
least two weeks or longer
• Depressed characteristics include lethargy
and hopelessness
• Daily functioning becomes impaired
Major Depressive Episode
• An episode is a period during which
specific intense symptoms of a disorder
are evident
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Major Depressive Episode
• Nine symptoms
• At least 5 of the 9 must be present during a 2week period:
1. Depressed mood most of the day
2. Reduced interest or pleasure in all or most
activities
3. Significant change in weight or appetite
4. Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
(Continued on next slide)
Major Depressive Episode
(Continued from previous slide)
• Nine symptoms
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. Fatigue or loss of energy
7. Feeling worthless or guilty (excessively,
inappropriately)
8. Problems thinking, concentrating, making
decisions
9. Recurrent thoughts of death and suicide
SIB
• About 17 percent of college students -20 percent of women and 14 percent of
men -- report that they have cut,
burned, carved or harmed themselves
in other ways
• fewer than 7 percent of the students
studied had ever sought medical help
for their self-inflicted physical injuries.
SIB
• Self-injurious behavior is defined as
inflicting harm to one's body without the
obvious intent of committing suicide
• Cutting skin, ripping or pulling skin or
hair, biting, bruising and breaking bones
• increased significantly in the past five
years
Those who had repeat
incidents of SIB,
• almost six times more likely to have
considered or attempted suicide
• 3.5 times more likely to report a history of
emotional abuse;
• three times more likely to report high levels of
recent psychological distress;
• and･twice as likely to report characteristics of
an eating disorder.
Why SI?
Cope with anxiety or other negative feelings
relieve stress or pressure (Whitlock, 2006).
feel in control of their bodies and minds,
express feelings
distract themselves from other problems
communicate needs
create visible and treatable wounds, to purify
themselves
• reenact a trauma in an attempt to resolve it
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• http://www.crpsib.com/default.asp
• Risk factors
SIB
• bisexual/question their sexual orientation.
• slightly more likely to be female (55
percent)
• Less likely to be Asian or Asian-American.
Suicide
• Rare in childhood, escalates in early
adolescence
• Females contemplate it more, but males
actually commit suicide more
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Suicide Rates
• The suicide rate for adolescents ages 15
to 19 was 8.2 deaths per 100,000
teenagers,
• five times as many males as females.
• Among people 20 to 24 years of age,
the suicide rate was 12.8 per 100,000
young adults
• seven times as many deaths among men as
among women.
• Older adults are disproportionately
likely to die by suicide. 5 Times national
rate
Suicide
• Factors associated with suicide
• Sexual orientation
• Family instability or unhappiness
• Genetic factors
• “Copycat” suicides
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Risk Factors
･Mood changes or depression･
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Drug and alcohol abuse･
Disruptlve and unsupportive family background･
Psychiatric illnesses･
Previous attempts･
Ready availability of lethal means to commit suicide･
Recent bereavement･
chronic physical illness･
anniversary phenomenon (of past losses or major life events)･
early loss experiences･
school failure･
chronic unemployment･
perfectionists and over-achievers
Interrelations of Problems and
Prevention/Intervention
• Adolescents with more than one problem
• Highest risk
• Prevention and intervention
• Intensive individualized attention
• Community-wide multi-agency collaborative
approaches
• Early identification and intervention
Taking it to the Net
• For more information on material
covered in this chapter, visit our Online
Learning Center:
http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka11