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altered identities DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS • involves a break (or dissociation) in consciousness, memory or identity • when driving, we sometimes go on “automatic pilot” • people with the disorder have more pronounced, involuntary dissociation dissociative disorders dissociative amnesia dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS dissociative AMNESIA • individual cannot remember personal information (own name or personal events) • unlike retrograde amnesia, the cause is more psychological than physical dissociative amnesia: who am I? • loss of memory is associated with traumatic experiences or emotionally stressful circumstances • memories usually resurface either quickly or sometimes after a longer period of time dissociative amnesia: who am I? dissociative FUGUE • from Latin fugere meaning ‘flight’ • occurs when someone leaves familiar surroundings (flight) and afterwards cannot remember the trip or personal information • confusion in identity surfaces, sometimes even taking new identities in the new places • common during times of war and disasters dissociative fugue: who am I and how did I get here? EDWARD LIGHTHART AKA JON DOE dissociative fugue: who am I and how did I get here? dissociative IDENTITY DISORDER • formerly known as multiple personality disorder • person experiences two or more distinct personalities in one body dissociative identity disorder: how many am I? • became widely popular because of books and movies • turned out to be a fad disorder in the late 20th century • diagnoses of DID experienced scrutiny with many professionals doubting the validity of these dissociative identity disorder: how many am I? SHIRLEY ARDELL MASON, “SYBIL” dissociative identity disorder: how many am I? psychodynamic cognitive & behavioral biological CAUSES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS • repressed thoughts and behavior is a primary defense mechanism and reduces emotional pain • forgetting about particular things is motivated by the repression of emotional pain psychodynamic • trauma-related thought avoidance is negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain • “not thinking about” these things also brings repression of emotional pain • positive reinforcement also comes into play; more attention, better cognitive & behavioral • support for brain activity differences in body awareness • depersonalization disorder – mild DID where people feel detached from themselves, their bodies and their surroundings • lower brain activities in areas responsible for sense of awareness biological altered realities SCHIZOPHRENIA • from schizo meaning division, phren meaning within the brain • term literally means ‘split mind’; often confused with DID • severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations • people with the disorder are unable to distinguish reality from fantasy schizophrenia delusions disturbed or disorganized thoughts hallucinations mood changes disorganized or odd behavior SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA • beliefs about the world that the person holds true • often unshakeable even in the presence of evidence to disprove the claims delusions • persecution – others are trying to hurt them in some way • reference – other people, television characters, and even books are talking to them specifically delusions • influence – controlled by external forces, such as the devil, aliens or cosmic forces • grandeur – they are powerful people who can save the world or are on a special mission delusions • they hear voices or see things or people which are not really around • can occur in any sensory modality but auditory hallucinations are most common hallucinations • often lacking structure or relevance • displayed through disorganized speech • repeated words, making up words, and stringing words with basic sounds • “come into house, louse, mouse, mouse and cheese, please, sneeze” disturbed or disorganized thoughts • flat affect – displaying little or no emotion at all • may display excessive and/or inappropriate emotion mood changes • periods of immobility • odd gesturing and facial grimaces disorganized or odd behavior disorganized catatonic paranoid CATEGORIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA • • • • very confused in speech frequent and vivid hallucinations inappropriate affect (emotion) or flat affect giggling, silliness, nonsensical speech and neglect of cleanliness disorganized • less common • disturbed motor behavior • there are only two “speeds”, either totally on or totally off • either doesn’t move at all or moves wildly in great agitation catatonic • suffer from hallucinations and delusions • auditory hallucinations are common • delusions are typically persecution and grandeur paranoid positive & negative symptoms genetics / biological stress-vulnerability model CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA • positive – excess in behavior • hallucinations, delusions, distorted thinking • dopamine-reducing drugs are used to treat patients with positive symptoms positive & negative symptoms • negative – less than normal behavior • absence of normal behavior • poor attention, flat affect, poor speech, apathy and withdrawal from others • outlook for recovery is not good as compared to those with positive symptoms positive & negative symptoms • genetic origins • inflammation in the brain and other brain structural defects • chemical influences • 7 or 8 out of every 1000 individuals will develop schizophrenia, regardless of culture genetics / biological • twin and adoption studies provided strong evidence that genes are major means of transmitting schizophrenia • the kin with the highest risk of developing the disorder if one has a blood relative with the disorder is identical twins – 48%-50% risk • fraternal twins – 17% risk genetics / biological genetics / biological • environment still has an impact on the development of schizophrenia • stress-vulnerability model assumes that people with the genetic “markers” of schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless exposed to environmental triggers stress-vulnerability model NATHANIEL AYERS: THE SOLOIST schizophrenia I’m okay, it’s everyone else who’s weird PERSONALITY DISORDERS • disorders where a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions • not only affects one aspect of a person’s life, but instead affects the entire life adjustment of the person personality disorders • paranoid – extreme suspicion of others • schizoid – loners who are cold, distant and unwilling to form close relationships with others • schizotypical – difficulty in forming social relationships, tendency to hold magic beliefs, more likely to develop schizophrenia later on ODD OR ECCENTRIC personality disorders • antisocial – lacking conscience/morals • borderline – moody, unstable, lacking clear sense of identity, clingy • histrionic – tendency to overreact and use emotions to draw attention from others; manipulative; loves to be the center of attention • narcissistic – extremely vain and self-involved DRAMATIC OR ERRATIC personality disorders • avoidant – fearful of social relationships, avoids social interaction unless absolutely necessary • dependent – needy, wants others to make decisions for them • obsessive-compulsive – controlling, focused on neatness and order to an extreme degree ANXIOUS OR FEARFUL personality disorders • disorder of those literally against society • sociopaths / serial killers • habitually breaks the laws, disobeys rules, tells lies • no conscience antisocial personality disorder • they tend to be very selfish, self-centered, manipulative and unable to feel deep emotion • not all with this disorder are killers • nearly three to six times as many males diagnosed as females antisocial personality disorder • relationships with other people are intense and relatively unstable • moody, manipulative, untrusting • may engage in excessive spending, drug abuse • may also be suicidal which they use in manipulating their social relationships borderline personality disorder • frequency of this disorder in women is two to three times greater than in men • genetic, hormonal and childhood influences have been suggested to cause this disorder borderline personality disorder cognitive-behavioral genetics stress and disturbances CAUSES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS • reinforcement, shaping and modelling can be reasons why personality disorders are developed over time • the belief systems constructed by the people with the disorder is also another explanation cognitive-behavioral • close relatives with similar disorders is also a factor in the development • children (age 3) with lower fearfulness and inhibitions were more likely to show antisocial tendencies in the future • antisocial people are unresponsive to stressful and threatening situations, that is why they are not afraid of getting caught genetics • • • • childhood abuse, neglect, overly strict parenting and parental rejection are possible causes of personality disorders stress and disturbances in relationships