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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Psychological Disorders What is Abnormal? atypical disturbing maladaptive/dysfunctional Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements lunacy evil of sun or moon - full moon spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood Psychological Disorders Medical Model diseases have physical causes. assumes that “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy Psychological Disorders--Etiology Etiology The study of causation DSM-IV TR American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, TR) Anxiety Disorders Distressing, persistent maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is continually tense, apprehensive Phobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation Panic Disorder episode of intense dread: terror feelings and chest pain, choking, dizziness, etc. Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Unwanted, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AQnbqx3ouk Anxiety Disorders Common Obsessions and Compulsions Thought or Behavior Percentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 24 Symmetry order, or exactness 17 Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, or grooming 85 Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, car brake, homework 51 46 Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with obsessive/ compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Depression: Mild Moderate (dysthymia) Major http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTXvWU258FM Mood Disorders Mania A hyperactive, Bipolar wildly optimistic state. Disorder alternates between hopelessness of depression and the overexcited state of mania http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKm526pnMSg Mood DisordersDepression 25 Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life Around the world women are more susceptible to depression 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 USA Edmonton Puerto Rico Males Females Paris West Florence Beirut Germany Taiwan Korea New Zealand Mood Disorders- Suicide Suicides per 70 100,000 people 60 50 The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood 40 30 20 10 0 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Males Females Mood Disorders-Bipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood DisordersDepression Brain chemistry Cognition Mood Altering any one component of the chemistrycognition-mood circuit can alter the others Mood DisordersDepression 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and 2 Negative behavioral changes explanatory style 3 Depressed mood The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point Schizophrenia a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions: Hallucinations/Delusions Schizophrenia Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur. Hallucinations false sensory experiences hearing or seeing things http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moP_e-gx5hk Schizophrenia Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated or residual: Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the above types Personality Disorders Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning Usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions Personality Disorders Antisocial Inability Personality Disorder to feel guilt, chronic lying, stealing, lack of loyalty May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorder a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities Formerly: Multiple Personality Disorder Rates of Psychological Disorders Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders Ethnicity Gender Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6 Childhood Conduct Disorder ADHD - Inattentive, Hyperactive/Impulsive, Combined. Tourette’s Disorder