Download Introduction to Psychology

Myers’ EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)
Chapter 13
Psychological Disorders
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
Psychological Disorders
What is Abnormal?
 atypical
 disturbing
 maladaptive/dysfunctional
Historical Perspective
 Perceived
Causes
movements
 lunacy
evil
of sun or moon
- full moon
spirits
 Ancient
Treatments
exorcism,
caged like animals, beaten,
burned, castrated, mutilated, blood
replaced with animal’s blood
Psychological Disorders

Medical Model
 diseases
have physical causes.
 assumes that “mental” illnesses can be
diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms
and cured through therapy
Psychological Disorders--Etiology
 Etiology
The
study of causation
 DSM-IV
TR
American
Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, TR)
Anxiety Disorders
 Distressing,
persistent maladaptive behaviors that reduce
anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorder
 person

is continually tense, apprehensive
Phobia
 persistent,

irrational fear of a specific object or situation
Panic Disorder
 episode
of intense dread: terror feelings and chest pain,
choking, dizziness, etc.
Anxiety Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
 Unwanted,
repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
and/or actions (compulsions).
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AQnbqx3ouk
Anxiety Disorders
Common Obsessions and Compulsions
Thought or Behavior
Percentage*
Reporting Symptom
Obsessions (repetitive thoughts)
Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins
40
Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness)
24
Symmetry order, or exactness
17
Compulsions (repetitive behaviors)
Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing,
or grooming
85
Repeating rituals (in/out of a door,
up/down from a chair)
Checking doors, locks, appliances,
car brake, homework
51
46
Anxiety Disorders


PET Scan of brain of
person with obsessive/
compulsive disorder
High metabolic activity
(red) in frontal lobe
areas involved with
directing attention
Mood Disorders
characterized
by emotional extremes
 Depression:
 Mild
 Moderate
(dysthymia)
 Major

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTXvWU258FM
Mood Disorders
 Mania
 A hyperactive,
 Bipolar
wildly optimistic state.
Disorder
 alternates
between hopelessness of
depression and the overexcited state of mania

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKm526pnMSg
Mood DisordersDepression
25
Percentage
of population
aged 18-84
experiencing
major
depression
at some
point In life
Around the world
women are more
susceptible to
depression
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
USA Edmonton Puerto
Rico
Males
Females
Paris
West
Florence Beirut
Germany
Taiwan
Korea
New
Zealand
Mood Disorders- Suicide
Suicides per 70
100,000 people 60
50
The higher suicide rate
among men greatly
increases in late
adulthood
40
30
20
10
0
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+
Males
Females
Mood Disorders-Bipolar

PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with emotional swings
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state
Mood DisordersDepression

Brain
chemistry
Cognition
Mood
Altering any one
component of
the chemistrycognition-mood
circuit can alter
the others
Mood DisordersDepression

1
Stressful
experiences
4
Cognitive and
2
Negative
behavioral changes
explanatory style
3
Depressed
mood
The vicious
cycle of
depression
can be
broken at
any point
Schizophrenia
a
group of severe psychotic disorders
characterized by:
disorganized
and delusional thinking
disturbed perceptions:
Hallucinations/Delusions
Schizophrenia
 Delusions
false
beliefs, often of persecution or
grandeur.
 Hallucinations
 false
sensory experiences
 hearing or seeing things

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moP_e-gx5hk
Schizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Paranoid:
Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations
Disorganized:
Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate
emotion
Catatonic:
Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement),
extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of
another’s speech or movements
Undifferentiated
or residual:
Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the
above types
Personality Disorders
Inflexible
and enduring behavior
patterns that impair social functioning
Usually without anxiety, depression, or
delusions
Personality Disorders
 Antisocial
Inability
Personality Disorder
to feel guilt, chronic lying,
stealing, lack of loyalty
May be aggressive and ruthless or a
clever con artist
Dissociative Disorders
 conscious
awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative Identity Disorder
a
person exhibits two or more distinct and
alternating personalities
 Formerly: Multiple Personality Disorder
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders
Ethnicity
Gender
Disorder
White
Black
Hispanic
Men
Women
Totals
Alcohol abuse
or dependence
13.6%
13.8%
16.7%
23.8%
4.6%
13.8%
Generalized anxiety
3.4
6.1
3.7
2.4
5.0
3.8
Phobia
9.7
23.4
12.2
10.4
17.7
14.3
Obsessive-compulsive
disorder
2.6
2.3
1.8
2.0
3.0
2.6
Mood disorder
8.0
6.3
7.8
5.2
10.2
7.8
Schizophrenic
disorder
1.4
2.1
0.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
Antisocial personality
disorder
2.6
2.3
3.4
4.5
0.8
2.6
Childhood
Conduct Disorder
 ADHD - Inattentive,
Hyperactive/Impulsive, Combined.
 Tourette’s Disorder
