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August 24, 1992 Neuromaturational Factors: • Noradrenaline • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Medial Prefrontal Cortex Stressors: • War • Rape • Traumatic Life experience • • • Pynoos et al., 1987 Pynoos & Goenjin, 1992 Jenkins & Valiente, 1994 Constitutional (Biological) Vulnerability Inherited Factors: • Pre-existing depression • Pre-existing anxiety disorder • Family history of anxiety • Family history of neuroticism • • Halligan, S, Yehuda, R, 2000 Cornelis, M, et. al. 2010 • Grinage, 2003 Psychiatric Outcome (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) Walker-Tessner Model Cognitive Factors: • Mental defeat • Mental confusion • Appraisal of emotions • Appraisal of symptoms • Perceived negative responses of others • Permanent change • Dunmore, E, Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A, 1999