Download The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System
Rachel R.
Gabie F.
Kyle B.
Steffanie M.
The Endocrine System
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responsible for keeping balance and maintaining
homeostasis in the body.
important for regulating
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mood
growth and development
tissue function
metabolism
sexual functions and reproductive processes within the
body.
must respond to constant changes in external
environment with the regulation of the internal
processes inside the body.
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feedback loops
release of hormones
Parts: HORMONES
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produced and secreted
by Endocrine Glands
chemicals in the body
that carry messages and
information to and from
target cells
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hormones and target cells
have receptors
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allow the hormone to
latch onto specific cells
and the cell to
recognize the
corresponding hormones
 when hormones attach
to a cell they:
 Activate or inactivate
enzymes
 Stimulate genetic material
(production of enzymes
and proteins)
 Change the permeability
of cells
Parts: ENDOCRINE GLANDS
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specialized group of
cells that produce
and secrete
hormones
glands are ductless
(no tubes) releasing
hormones directly
into bloodstream
Gland
Hormone
Hypothalamus
Links nervous system and endocrine system
Chemicals control production and secretion of hormones in pituatiry gland
Controls feelings of hunger and thirst, emotions and behaviors
Maintains body temp., water balance, and blood pressure
Pituitary
“the master gland”
Anterior lobe
regulates thyroid,
adrenal and
reproductive glands
Posterior lobe
balance of water in
the body
Function
Thyroid stimulating
hormones (TSH)
Regulates production and secretion of thyroid
hormones
Growth hormone
Oversees growth, development and protein
production
Cortiotropin
Regulates production and secretion of adrenal
(cortex) hormones
Endorphins
Reduces feelings of pain
Antidiuretic hormone
Control blood pressure and water retention in
kidneys
Oxytocin
Contraction of uterus during pregnancy
Prolactin
Initiates milk production
Thyroid gland
Contains iodine
Thyroid hormones
Regulates metabolism
growth, maturation, body temp. and weight
Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormones
Bone formation, excretion of calcium and
phosphorous
Gland
Hormone
Function
Pineal
Melatonin
Regulates when you sleep and when you wake,
darkness and light
Thymus
Initiates immune system
Stops working after puberty
Thymosin
Controls production of antibodies
Insulin
lowers blood sugar level, stimulate metabolism
of protein, glucose, fat
glucagon
Raises level of blood sugar
Medulla - adrenaline
Responds to stressors (fright, anger, low blood
sugar, caffeine)
Cortex - corticosteroids (cortisone)
Corticosteroids- anti-inflammatory
aldosterone
Aldosterone- balance of salt and water
Testes- testosterone
male characteristics like deepening of voice,
hair (facial and pubic), penis and height growth,
production of sperm
Pancreas
Adrenal
Gonads
Ovaries-estrogen
progesterone
Estrogen-female sexual characteristics and
reproduction, breast and height growth,
increase in body fat, and
Progesterone-prepares uterus for fertilization
and breast of lactation
both regulate menstrual cycle
Heart Hormones
Atria release
Type A Natriuretic
Peptides
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The human heart
releases hormones
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Type A and B
Natriuretic Peptides
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lower blood pressure
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Ventricles release
Type B Natriuretic
Peptides
Relaxes arterioles,
stops absorption of
sodium by kidneys,
prevents secretion
of renin and
aldosterone
Kidney Hormones
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The kidney also
releases hormones
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Erythropoietin
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Works in bone
marrow to increase
production of RBC
Calcitriol
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helps transfer calcium
from bone to blood
supports absorption
of calcium from food
in the intestines
HOW DOES IT WORK?
 body reacts to a
stimulus brain sends
instructions to
endocrine system
glands send feedback
and react to stimulus
 A specific hormone is
then released into
bloodstream and
latch on to target cells
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When level of hormone rises the hypothalamus
sends message to pituitary
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Tells organ to stop producing hormone
When this process does not run smoothly then
problems with the Endocrine System occur…
Diabetes
Diabetes
-A disease in which the body does not produce or
properly use insulin.
Interesting Fact: 23.6 million children & adults in the United
States, or 7.8% of the population, who have diabetes. Nearly
one quarter of them have NOT been diagnosed.
Insulin
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What is Insulin?
Insulin is a hormone that is necessary for converting
sugar, starches and other food into energy. When
we eat food, the body breaks down all of the
sugars & starches into glucose. Glucose is the basic
fuel for cells. Insulin’s job is to take the sugar from
the blood into the cells. Glucose building up in the
blood causes problems:
Cells starved for energy
High Blood Glucose Levels damage eyes, kidneys,
nerves or heart.
How Diabetes is Diagnosed
Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG)
 Oral Glucose Test (OGTT)
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 Both require fasting beforehand.
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FPG – Blood Glucose Level between 100-125
mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. BGL higher than 126
indicates definite diabetes.
OGTT – Fast & Drink a glucose-rich beverage. If
two hours after BGL is between 140-199 mg/dl
means pre-diabetes. BGL of 200 mg/dl or higher,
person has diabetes.
o Mg/dl is milligrams per deciliter
Type One Diabetes
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Usually diagnosed in children & young adults
Issue: Body does not produce Insulin
Type Two Diabetes
 Most common form of Diabetes
 Issue: The body does not produce enough
Insulin OR cells ignore the Insulin.
Gestational Diabetes
 Diagnosed in Pregnant women who have not had
Diabetes before.
 High Blood Sugar Level during Pregnancy
 Affects about 4% of all pregnant women - about
135,000 cases of gestational diabetes in the United
States each year.
Hypoglycemia
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AKA Low Blood Glucose
Cannot prevent it from happening, but you can
treat it before it gets worse.
Symptoms include: Shakiness, Dizziness, Sweating,
Hunger, Headache, Pale Skin Color, Sudden
Behavioral Changes, Clumsy movements, Seizure,
Confusion, & Tingling Sensations Around the Mouth
Treatment: Glucose Tablets, Fruit Juice, Hard Candy.
If you pass out, you need immediate treatment such as
an injection of glucagon. DOES NOT give them food or
liquids.
Hyperglycemia
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High Blood Glucose
A result of the body not having enough insulin or not
using the insulin properly. Can also be triggered by
too much exercise, food, a cold/flu and stress.
Symptoms: High Blood Sugar, High Levels of Sugar in
Urine, Frequent Urination, Increased Thirst.
Treatment: Exercise. If BGL
is above 240 mg/dl, check
urine for ketones. If
ketones are present,
DON’T exercise. Exercising
while ketones are present
could actually raise your
BGL.
Ketoacidosis
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Diabetic Coma that occurs when the body does
not have enough insulin. It is life threatening.
Symptoms: Shortness of Breath, Breath that Smells
Fruity, Nausea & Vomiting, and a Very Dry Mouth.
Most common in Type 1 Diabetics, but can occur in
Type 2s.
Ketones – acids that build up in blood
Appear in urine when the body doesn’t have
enough insulin
Treatment takes place in the hospital
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic
Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
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Mostly occurs in older persons, can occur in both
types of Diabetes, but more frequently in Type 2.
Triggered by an illness or infection.
BGL rises, Body attempts to rid sugar from system
through urine. Excretory System begins to over work
itself, resulting in extreme Dehydration.
Warning Signs: BGL over 600 mg/dl, Dry Mouth,
Extreme Thirst, Warm Dry Skin, Fever, Sleepiness &
Confusion, Loss of Vision, Hallucinations, & Weakness
on One Side of the Body.
Foot Problems
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Foot Problems:
Neuropathy
Foot calluses
Ulcers
Skin changes
Poor circulation
Can lead to
amputation
Can
increase
circulation
with special
diabetic
socks
↓
Diabetes Medications
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Insulin: Beta Cells inside the
Pancreas no longer make
insulin or do not utilize it
properly. Type 1 Diabetics
inject Insulin Shots, Some
Type 2 Diabetics need
insulin.
Sulfonylureas: Stimulate Beta
Cells to make Insulin
DPP-4 Inhibitors: Prevent
breakdown of naturally
occurring GLP-1. Only lowers
BGL when necessary.  Aplha-Glucoside Inhibitors: Lower BGL
by blocking the breakdown of starches
in the intestine. Slows the rise in BGL after
a meal.
 Oral Combination Therapy: Combining
any of the types of pills above.
 Pills do not work for everyone.
Treatment Methods Continued
 Transplantation
to replace
malfunctioning
parts:
 Kidney
 Pancreas
 Islet
Insulin Injection 
 Glucose tablets (such
as Glucerna) when Blood
Level Sugar drops
 Healthy Diet
 Exercise
Blood Test with a
glucose meter 
Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreas secretes
hormones that
regulate the
metabolism of sugars
and enzymes that
help digestion
 Leading cause of
cancer death
 In 2008: 37,680 new
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cases
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34,290 deaths
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pancreatic-cancer/DS00357
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/pancreatic
Causes
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Cells in the pancreas undergo a mutation
and multiply, rapidly forming a tumor
Pancreatic Cancer Cell
Symptoms
Symptoms usually do not appear until
the cancer is advanced
 Symptoms include:
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Jaundice- yellowing of skin and whites of eyes
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Depression
Upper abdominal pain
Jaundice Eye
Effects in the Body
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Jaundice
Pain in the abdomen
Bowel obstruction- digested food that
is blocked from getting into the
intestines
Weight loss- can be caused by
vomiting or the body having trouble
processing food
Treatments
 Placing a stent (tube)
in small intestines to
keep it open to
prevent bowel
obstruction
 Chemotherapy- drugs
used to kill the cancer
cells
 Radiation therapyhigh-energy beams
used to kill cancer
cells
 Surgery- removing the
tumor from the
pancreas (only
possible if cancer is
found in the first stage)
Treatments
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Targeted drug therapy- drugs attack
specific cancer cells within the body
Clinical trials- patients participate in
studies of new treatments in order to
test their effectiveness
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
 An endocrine disease that weakens bones and
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makes them more prone to fracture
Osteoporosis means “porous bone”
 Technically defined as
when bone mass
decreases past -2.5
standard deviations
below peak bone mass
General Info
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Osteoporosis is most common in
women after menopause but can also
effect men
Every bone is at risk of weakening but
the hip and spine are the most
dangerous and some of the most
common to break.
1 in 5 postmenopausal women suffer
from Osteoporosis
Causes
 Decreased mineral content in bones
make them weaker
 This can happen because too many minerals are
being reabsorbed into the body
 Bones become weaker in women after
menopause due to decrease in
estrogen production
 Estrogen is important to bone development
because it prevents bone breakdown, and
regulates bone re-absorption, which is how bone
fluid is converted into blood fluid
Causes
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Men can suffer From Osteoporosis in
the same way that women do, due to
insufficient amounts of the hormones
testosterone, and/or androgen.
Causes
 Bone Cycle defection- the body fails
to produce the same amount of bone
that is being used up over time.
 In a healthy body, bone is replaced at the same
rate that it deteriorates
 Examples of defects in bone cycle
 Lack of calcium and/or phosphate, which
strengthen bone
 Body does not properly absorb calcium or
phosphate
 Over absorption of minerals into body
Causes
 Low levels of Calcium can trigger the
parathyroid gland to produce excess
amounts of parathyroid hormone
 Parathyroid hormone, or
PTH, is responsible for
maintaining calcium levels
in the blood
 When blood calcium
levels are low, more PTH is
produced, causing
calcium to be drawn out
of bone and into the
bloodstream
Symptoms
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In early stages, no symptoms may be present
Symptoms in later stages include:
Back pain (resulting from
weakened vertebrae)
Loss of height (due to disk
compression)
Overall pain (due to
bone compression
throughout body)
Fractures
Hip fracture
Prevention
 Proper exercise is important in
maintaining bone density
 Sufficient intake of Vitamin D is
necessary for calcium to be absorbed
into bone
 Sufficient intake of calcium is also necessary for
bone growth and strength
Treatment
 Bisphosphonates
 Most common drug treatment for osteoporosis
 These drugs work by inhibiting osteoclast cells,
which are responsible for bone resorption
 Fosamax, Actonel and Boniva are examples
Treatment
 Hormone therapy
 Not as popular as bisphophonate treatment due
to side effects of hormones
 Breast cancer is a possible side effect
 Estrogen, and drugs that mimic it fall into this
category
 Hormone therapy works by replacing or
mimicking the body’s hormones that decrease
after menopause
 These hormone promote healthy bone
development
Recap!
The Endocrine System maintains homeostasis in the body and
controls growth and development, tissue function,
metabolism, sexual functions and reproductive processes, as
well as mood
The Endocrine System does this by releasing hormones,
produced and secreted by Endocrine Glands, directly into
the bloodstream
When the Endocrine System is not working properly it can cause:
Diabetes
Growth Disorders
Pancreatic Cancer
Metabolic Syndrome
Osteoporosis
Many more
Fertility / Infertility
Problems
(Visit http://www.noah-health.org/en/endocrine/
for a continued list of disorders)
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