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Major
Endocrine Glands
I. Hypothalamus
II. Pituitary gland
III. Thyroid gland
IV. Parathyroid glands
V. Pancreas
VI. Adrenal glands
VII. Gonads
VIII. Pineal gland
II. Pituitary Gland = “The Master
Gland”
• Stimulates all other endocrine
glands
• Two parts: posterior and anterior
Posterior Pituitary:
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) –
promotes retention of water by
kidneys
2. Oxytocin (OT) – responsible for
contractions during labor and
milk ejection
Anterior Pituitary Gland
1. Growth hormone (GH) – promotes growth
2. Prolactin (PRL) – stimulates milk
production
3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) –
stimulates secretion of estrogen,
development of follicle cells in ovaries,
sperm maturation
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) – promotes
ovulation, secretion of estrogen,
progesterone and testosterone
5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) –
triggers secretion of thyroid hormones
6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –
stimulates production of glucocorticoids
Chapter 18
The Endocrine
System Cont.
.
Major
Endocrine Glands
I. Hypothalamus
II. Pituitary gland
III. Thyroid gland
IV. Parathyroid glands
V. Pancreas
VI. Adrenal glands
VII. Gonads
VIII. Pineal gland
V. The Pancreas
• Secretes hormones insulin and glucagon
The Pancreas Cont.
1. Insulin - ↓ blood glucose levels by
enhancement of glucose utilization
2. Glucagon - ↑ blood glucose level by
stimulating glycogen and fat breakdown, and
glucose production at the liver
Diabetes Mellitus
• Consistent increased blood glucose levels
• Type I - Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
• rapid onset of symptoms prior to age 15
• lack of insulin activity – patients need daily, frequent
dosages of insulin
•
•
•
•
Type II - Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
usually in overweight individuals
some insulin is produced
management by diet, exercise and antihyperglycemic
drugs
VI. Adrenal Glands
• Adrenal glands (2)
sit on top of
kidneys
• Produce
mineralocorticoids,
glucocorticoids,
and
epinephrine/norepinephrine
Adrenal Glands Cont.
1. Mineralocorticoids - ↑ absorption of sodium and
water; ↑ blood V and blood p
2. Glucocorticoids - ↑ blood glucose level (insulin
antagonist); anti-inflammatory effect
3. Epinephrine/norepinephrine - stimulated by the
Sympathetic Division of the ANS; ↑ muscular
strength in skeletal and cardiac muscles; ↑
breakdown of glucose, fats, and glycogen
VII. Gonads
• Testes - produce testosterone
• Testosterone - promotes production of sperm,
determines male secondary sexual
characteristics, maintains glands of the male
reproductive system, and stimulates growth
Ovaries produce estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin
1. Estrogen – responsible for maturation of eggs,
growth of uterine lining, and development of female
secondary sexual characteristics
2. Progesterone - prepares uterus for the arrival of
embryo and enlarges mammary glands
3. Relaxin - produced during pregnancy to loosen
pubic symphysis, expand uterus, and stimulates
mammary gland development
VIII. Pineal Gland
• Produces melatonin
• Melatonin - involved in
maintenance of wake and
sleep cycles, effective
antioxidant