Download The Appendicular Skeleton

8
The Appendicular
Skeleton
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by
Leslie Hendon
University of Alabama, Birmingham
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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I. The Appendicular Skeleton
A. Pectoral girdle
B. Pelvic girdle
C. Upper and lower limbs
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II. The Pectoral Girdle
A. clavicle
B. scapula
- Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
- Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile
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Acromioclavicular
joint
Clavicle
Scapula
Articulated pectoral girdle
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III. Clavicle
A. Extends horizontally across the superior thorax
1. sternal end articulates with the manubrium
2. acromial end articulates with scapula
► Provides attachment for muscles
► Holds the scapulae and arms laterally
► Transmits compression forces - upper limbs
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Sternal (medial)
end
Posterior
Anterior
Acromial (lateral)
end
Right clavicle, superior view
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IV. Scapula
A. Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
B. Located between ribs 2–7
C. Have three borders
1. superior
2. medial (vertebral)
3. Llateral (axillary)
D. Have three angles
1. Lateral
2. superior
3. inferior
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Acromion
Suprascapular
notch
Coracoid
process
Superior border
Superior
angle
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral border
Subscapular
fossa
Medial border
Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Inferior angle
Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Suprascapular notch
Coracoid process
Superior
angle
Acromion
Supraspinous
fossa
Glenoid
cavity
at lateral
angle
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Medial border
Lateral border
Right scapula, posterior aspect
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Right scapula, posterior aspect
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V. The Upper Limb
A. 30 bones form each upper limb
B. Grouped into bones of the:
1. Arm
2. Forearm
3. Hand
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VI. Arm
Humerus
► The only bone of the arm
► Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb
► Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
► Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow
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Greater
tubercle
Head of
humerus
Lesser
tubercle
Deltoid
tuberosity
Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum
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Anterior view
Trochlea
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Anterior view
Head of
humerus
Greater
tubercle
Deltoid
tuberosity
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
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Lateral
epicondyle
Posterior view
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Posterior view
The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow (anterior).
Humerus
Coronoid
fossa
Capitulum
Medial
epicondyle
Head of
radius
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
Radial notch
Ulna
Anterior view at the elbow region
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The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow (posterior).
Humerus
Olecranon
fossa
Olecranon
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Head
Neck
Ulna
Radius
Posterior view of extended elbow
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VII. Forearm
A. radius & ulna articulate with each other
B. The interosseous membrane
1. Interconnects radius and ulna
C. radius is lateral - ulna is medial
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VIII. Ulna
Major landmarks of the ulna
► Olecranon
► Radial notch
► Trochlear notch
► Coronoid process
► Ulnar styloid process
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Olecranon
Troclear
notch
Head
Neck
Coronoid process
Interosseous
membrane
Ulna
Radius
Head of ulna
Ulnar styloid
process
Radial styloid
process
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Anterior view
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Anterior view
Olecranon
View
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
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View
Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
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IX. Radius
Major landmarks of the radius:
► Head
► Neck
► Radial tuberosity
► Styloid process
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The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Humerus
Coronoid
fossa
Capitulum
Medial
epicondyle
Head of
radius
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
Radial notch
Ulna
Anterior view at the elbow region
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The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Anterior view at the elbow region
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X. Hand
Includes the following bones
► Carpals—wrist
► Metacarpals—palm
► Phalanges—fingers
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XI. Carpus (Wrist)
Carpal bones
A. Proximal row from lateral to medial
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform
B. Distal row from lateral to medial
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
thumb►
“Sally left the party
thumb►
to take Carmen home”
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Carpal bones
thumb► “Sally left the party
thumb► to take Carmen home”
Hamate
Capitate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
V IV III II
I
Ulna
Anterior view of right hand
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Trapezium
Trapezoid
Scaphoid
Radius
Carpal bones
V IV III II
I
Anterior view of right hand
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XI. Metacarpals
Metacarpals form the palm
► Numbered I - V : beginning with the pollex (thumb)
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V IV III II
I
Anterior view of right hand
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XII. Phalanges
► Numbered I - V : beginning with the pollex (thumb)
► Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges
Proximal, middle, and distal
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Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Anterior view of right hand
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XIII. Pelvic Girdle
A. Attaches lower limbs to the spine
B. Supports visceral organs
C. Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments
D. Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur
E. Paired coxal bones (hip bones) and the sacrum
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XIV. Pelvic Girdle
A. Three separate bones (fuse together)
► Ilium
► Ischium
► pubis
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Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Ilium
Coxal bone
(os coxae
or hip bone)
Anterior
inferior iliac
spine
Sacrum
Pubis
Coccyx
Acetabulum
Ischium
Pubic symphysis
Pelvic girdle
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Pubic arch
Iliac fossa
Sacrum
Coccyx
Pelvic girdle
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Pubic arch
Ilium
Ala
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Greater sciatic
notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic
notch
Pubis
Ischium
Ischial
tuberosity
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Lateral view, right hip bone
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Ala
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Lateral view, right hip bone
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Male vs. Female Pelvis
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XV. The Lower Limb
A. carries the entire weight of the erect body
B. lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb
C. Divided into three segments
1. thigh
2. leg
3. foot
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XVI.Thigh
A. Femur—the single bone of the thigh
► longest and strongest bone of the body
► head of femur articulates with the acetabulum
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Fovea
capitis
Neck
Greater
trochanter
Head
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Lateral
condyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Anterior view
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Femur (thigh bone)
Posterior view
Anterior view
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Femur (thigh bone)
Posterior view
XVII. Patella
A. triangular sesamoid bone
B. secures the quadriceps muscles
C. protects the knee anteriorly
D. improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee
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Patella
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XVIII. Leg
A. Tibia - more massive medial bone of the leg
1. receives weight of the body from the femur
B. Fibula—sticklike lateral bone of the leg
C. Interosseous membrane - connects the tibia and fibula
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Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Head
Tibial
tuberosity
Interosseous
membrane
Fibula
Tibia
Medial
malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
Anterior view
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Anterior view
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XIX. The Foot
A. foot is composed of three parts
► tarsals
► metatarsals
► phalanges
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XX. Tarsals
A. contains seven bones called tarsals
B. body weight is borne primarily by:
► talus
► calcaneus
C. other tarsals:
► cuboid
► navicular
► cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, and lateral)
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Medial
cuneiform
Intermediate
cuneiform
Navicular
Lateral
cuneiform
Cuboid
Talus
Calcaneus
Superior view
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Superior view
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Navicular
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Talus
Calcaneus
Lateral view
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Cuboid
Fifth
metatarsal
Lateral view
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Talus
Intermediate
cuneiform
Navicular
First
metatarsal
Medial
cuneiform
Medial view
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Calcaneus
Medial view
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XXI. Metatarsals
A. Numbered I–V beginning with the hallux (great toe)
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Phalanges of the Toes
A. 14 phalanges of the toes
► Each toe has proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
► Exception: hallux has two phalanges, proximal and distal
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Distal
Proximal
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
I
II
Metatarsals
III
IV
V
Tarsals
Superior view
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Arch of the Foot
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