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Muscles of the Wrist and Hand Flexor carpi radialis Location: Palmar Actions: flexion of the wrist abduction of the wrist (weak elbow flexion) (weak pronation of the forearm) Flexor carpi ulnaris Location: Palmar Actions: flexion of the wrist adduction of the wrist (weak elbow flexion) Palmaris longus Location: Palmar Action: flexion of the wrist Why only flexion of the wrist? (weak flexion of the elbow) Flexor digitorum superficialis Location: Palmar Actions: flexion of fingers and wrist (weak elbow flexion) Flexor digitorum profundus Location: Palmar Actions: flexion of fingers and wrist Flexor pollicus longus Location: Palmar Actions: flexion of wrist and thumb abduction of the wrist Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Location: dorsal Actions: Extension of the wrist Abduction of the wrist weak elbow flexion weak elbow pronation Extensor carpi radialis brevis Location: dorsal Actions: Extension of the wrist Abduction of the wrist weak elbow flexion Extensor carpi ulnaris Location: Dorsal Actions: extension of the wrist adduction of the wrist weak elbow extension Extensor digitorum Location: Dorsal Actions: extension of the fingers extension of the wrist weak extension of the elbow Extensor indicis Location: Dorsal Actions: extension of the 2nd phalange weak wrist extension weak supination Extensor digiti minimi Location: Dorsal Actions: extension of the 5th phalange weak wrist extension weak elbow extension Extensor pollicus longus Location: Dorsal Actions: extension of the wrist extension of the thumb abduction of the wrist weak supination “anatomical snuff box” / scaphoid Extensor pollicus brevis Location: Dorsal Actions: extension of the thumb abduction of the wrist weak extension of the wrist Abductor pollicis longus Location: Dorsal Actions: abduction of the thumb abduction of the wrist extension of the thumb weak extension of the wrist weak supination Intrinsic Muscles Thenar eminence Hypothenar eminence MUSCLES OF THE ANKLE AND FOOT Ankle and Foot Muscles • • Extrinsic and Intrinsic muscles Extrinsic muscles • • • Anterior muscle cause dorsal flexion Posterior muscles cause plantar flexion Lower leg muscles are divided into 4 compartments Lower Leg Compartments POSTERIOR MUSCLES Plantar flexion muscles Posterior muscles Gastrocnemius • Actions: • • • • plantar flexion of the foot flexion of the knee Stronger plantar flexion when the knee is extended Superficial posterior compartment Posterior Soleus • • Located beneath the gastrocnemius Action: • • plantar flexion Superficial posterior compartment Posterior Gastrocnemius & Soleus • • • • • Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles was the bravest and strongest of the Greek warriors in the Trojan War. Because his mother dipped him into the River Styx, he was invulnerable except at the heel by which she held him. During the war against Troy Achilles took 12 nearby cities, but after a quarrel with Agamemnon he refused further service. He allowed his beloved cousin Patroclus to fight in his armor, and when Hector slew Patroclus, Achilles returned to battle, killed Hector, and dragged his body around the walls of Troy. Homer mentions Achilles' funeral but not the circumstances of his death; the later poet Arctinus relates that Paris killed Achilles with an arrow guided by Apollo. Achilles Tendon • • • • Named after Achilles Largest tendon 1000 pounds of force Tendon of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus Plantaris • • Absent in some humans Actions: • • plantar flexion Superficial posterior compartment Posterior Tibialis posterior • • Note: passes posterior to medial malleolus. Actions: • • • • plantar flexion inversion of the foot Deep posterior compartment Medial Posterior Flexor Digitorum Longus • • Note: passes posterior to medial malleolus. Actions: • • • • • • toe flexion plantar flexion, inversion of the foot Maintains the longitudinal arch Deep posterior compartment Medial Posterior Flexor Hallicus Longus • • Note: passes posterior to medial malleolus. Actions: • • • • • Flexion of the great toe Inversion Plantar flexion Deep posterior compartment Medial Posterior Medial Ankle Harry medial malleolus. Tom Dick Plantar flexion ANTERIOR MUSCLES Dorsiflexion muscles Anterior muscles Tibialis anterior • • Note: passes anterior to medial malleolus. Actions: • • • Dorsal flexion Inversion. Anterior compartment Anterior Extensor digitorum longus • • Note: passes anterior to lateral malleolus. Actions: • • • • Toe extension Dorsiflexion Eversion Anterior compartment Anterior Extensor hallicus longus • • Note: passes anterior Actions: • • • • Extension of big toe Dorsiflexion Weak inversion of the foot Anterior compartment Anterior Peroneous tertius • • Note: passes anterior to lateral malleolus. Action: • • • Dorsiflexion Eversion Anterior compartment Anterior Peroneus longus muscle • • Note: passes posterior to lateral malleolus. Actions: • • • • Eversion Plantar flexion The tendon goes under the foot from the lateral to the medial surface, thus aiding in support for the transverse arch. Lateral compartment Lateral Peroneus brevis muscle • • Note: passes posterior to lateral malleolus. Actions: • • • Plantar flexion Eversion Anterior compartment Lateral
