Download Chapter 14 - Kinesiology - Delmar

Chapter 14:
Kinesiology
The Anatomical Planes
 Movements and descriptions of the
body use anatomical planes as
references.
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Anatomical Plane
Definitions
 Coronal (Frontal): A vertical plane
running from side to side, dividing
the body into anterior and posterior
portions
 Sagittal (Lateral): A vertical plane
running from front to back, dividing
the body into left and right portions
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Anatomical Plane Definitions
(cont.)
 Axial (Transverse): A horizontal
plane dividing the body into
superior and inferior portions (see
text Figure 14-12)
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Directional Terms
 Medial is toward the midline; lateral
is away from the midline
 Proximal refers to nearest to the
trunk; distal is farthest away from
the trunk
 Inferior means below; superior
means above
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Directional Terms (cont.)
 Cephalad or cranial means toward
the head; caudad or caudal is
toward the tailbone
 Anterior is toward the front;
posterior is toward the back
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Articular System
 A series of joints that allow
movement of the human body
 Joints provide two main functions:
motion and stability
 There are three classifications:
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and
diarthroses
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Synarthroses
 A joint that lacks a synovial cavity
and is held closely together by
fibrous connective tissue
 An immovable joint
 Three structural types: sutures,
syndesmoses, and gomphoses
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Amphiarthroses
 Type of joint in which bones are
connected by hyaline cartilage or
fibrocartilage
 A slightly movable joint
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Diarthroses
 A type of joint that connects bones
by hyaline cartilage separated by a
joint cavity
 Freely movable joints
 Six different types: pivot, gliding,
hinge, condyloid, ball-and-socket,
and saddle
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Movements of Diarthroses
 Ranges of motion vary from a
single direction to complete motion
in three dimensions.
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Flexion and Extension
 Flexion decreases and extension
increases the angle between
bones.
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Abduction and Adduction
 With abduction, a limb moves away
from the midline. Moving a limb
toward the midline is called
adduction.
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Rotation
 Rotation describes bones that turn
around their axes, either toward,
away from, or around the midline.
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Circumduction
 With circumduction, an entire limb
or portion of a limb moves in a
circle around an axis.
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Supination and Pronation
 Supination is the turning of the palm
upward; pronation turns the palm
downward. The foot performs
similar movements, but not as
completely.
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Plantar Flexion and
Dorsiflexion
 The foot is extended with toes
pointing downward in plantar
flexion.
 The foot is flexed with the toes
upward toward the lower leg in
dorsiflexion.
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Inversion and Eversion
 With inversion, the sole of the foot
is turned inward; eversion turns it
outward.
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Protraction and Retraction
 Protraction refers to moving a body
part forward, and retraction
backward, within a transverse
plane.
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Elevation and Depression
 Elevation is lifting a body part
upward, and depression is moving
a body part downward, along a
frontal plane.
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Opposition
 Opposition describes movement of
the thumb to touch the tips of the
other fingers.
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