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Atlas A
Lecture Outline
A-1
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Atlas A (Orientation to Anatomy)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thyroid cartilage of larynx
Thyroid gland
•
•
•
•
•
Anatomical position
Anatomical planes
Directional terms
Body regions
Body cavities and
membranes
• Organ systems
• Visual survey of the body
Brachial nerve plexus
Brachiocephalic v.
Subclavian v.
Subclavian a.
Aortic arch
Superior vena
cava
Coracobrachialis m.
Humerus
Axillary v.
Axillary a.
Cephalic v.
Brachial v.
Brachial a.
Heart
Lobes of lung
Spleen
Stomach
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Penis (cut)
Pectineus m.
Adductor longus m.
Gracilis m.
Ductus
deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Adductor magnus m.
Rectus femoris m.
Figure A.14
A-2
Anatomical Position
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•
•
•
•
Person stands erect
Feet flat on floor
Arms at sides
Palms, face & eyes facing
forward
• Standard frame of reference for
anatomical descriptions &
dissection
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.1
A-3
Forearm Positions
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• When supinated
– palms face forward or
upward
– radius & ulna are
parallel
• When pronated
– palms face rearward
or downward
– radius & ulna are
crossed
Figure A.2
A-4
Anatomical Planes and Sections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal
plane
Transverse
plane
• Section implies actual cut or slice to
reveal internal anatomy
• Plane implies an imaginary flat
surface passing through the body
– Sagittal plane divides body into right
and left regions
• median (midsagittal) plane divides body or
organ into equal halves
Sagittal
plane
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.3
– Frontal (coronal) plane divides body
into anterior (front) & posterior (back)
portions
– Transverse (horizontal) plane divides
the body into superior (upper) & inferior
(lower) portions
A-5
Anatomical Sections
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(a) Sagittal section
(b) Frontal section
(c) Transverse section
Sagittal
Frontal
Figure A.4
Transverse
A-6
Directional Terms
Ventral / Dorsal
Anterior /Posterior
Superior / Inferior
Proximal / Distal
Medial / Lateral
Superficial / Deep
Cephalic
Rostral
Caudal
• Intermediate directions - often given as combinations of
these terms (ex. dorsolateral)
• Different meanings for humans and four-legged animals
– anterior = ventral surface of human – front of chest & abdomen
– anterior (cranial) in a four-legged animal is head end
– posterior = dorsal surface of human – last in locomotion – back side
– posterior (caudal) in a four-legged animal is tail end
A-7
Body Regions
• Axial region = head, neck, & trunk
– thoracic region = trunk above diaphragm
– abdominal region = trunk below diaphragm
• divided into quadrants
• divided into nine regions by tic-tac-toe grid
• Appendicular region = upper & lower limbs
– upper limb
• arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region), wrist
(carpal region), hand (manual region), fingers (digits)
– lower limb
• thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region),
ankle (tarsal region), foot (pedal region), toes (digits)
A-8
Abdominal Quadrants and
Regions
Quadrants
Right
upper
quadrant
Right
lower
quadrant
Left
upper
quadrant
Left
lower
quadrant
Regions
Hypochondriac
region
Subcostal line
Epigastric
region
Lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Intertubercular
line
Inguinal region
Midclavicular
line
(a)
Hypogastric
region
(c)
Figure A.6
A-9
Anatomical Terminology (ventral)
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Cephalic r. (head)
Facial r. (face)
Cervical r. (neck)
Upper limb:
Acromial r.
(shoulder)
Thoracic r. (chest):
Sternal r.
Pectoral r.
Axillary r. (armpit)
Brachial r. (arm)
Cubital r. (elbow)
Umbilical r.
Antebrachial r.
(forearm)
Abdominal r.
Inguinal r. (groin)
Carpal r. (wrist)
Pubic r.:
Mons pubis
Palmar r. (palm)
External genitalia:
Penis
Scrotum
Testes
Lower limb:
Coxal r. (hip)
Patellar r. (knee)
Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle)
Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum
Plantar surface
(sole)
(a) Anterior (ventral)
(b) Anterior (ventral)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.5
A-10
Anatomical Terminology (dorsal)
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Cranial r.
Nuchal r.
(back of neck)
Interscapular r.
Scapular r.
Vertebral r.
Lumbar r.
Sacral r.
Gluteal r.
(buttock)
Dorsum of hand
Perineal r.
Femoral r.
Popliteal r.
Crural r.
Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r.
(heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal)
(d) Posterior (dorsal)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.5
A-11
Body Cavities and
Membranes
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Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
• Major body cavities
– cranial cavity
– vertebral canal
• meninges
Diaphragm
– thoracic cavity
– abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
• abdominal cavity
• pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
• Lined by serous membranes
(a) Left lateral view
Figure A.7
• Filled with viscera
A-12
Cranial Cavity & Vertebral
Canal
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Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
– cranial cavity
• contains brain
• lined with meninges
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
– vertebral canal
• contains the spinal cord
• lined with meninges
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
(a) Left lateral view
Figure A.7
A-13
Thoracic Cavity
• Mediastinum - region between lungs
– heart, major blood vessels, esophagus,
trachea, & thymus
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Thoracic cavity:
• Pericardium – around heart
–
–
–
–
visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity
• Pleura – around lungs
–
–
–
–
visceral pleura
parietal pleura
pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid
Pelvic cavity
(b) Anterior view
Figure A.7
A-14
Pericardial Membranes
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Parietal pericardium
Pericardial
cavity
Visceral
pericardium
Heart
Diaphragm
(a) Pericardium
Figure A.8a
A-15
Pleural Membranes
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Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Lung
Diaphragm
(b) Pleurae
Figure A.8b
A-16
Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Thoracic cavity:
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Figure A.7
(b) Anterior view
• Pelvic brim separates abdominal & pelvic cavities
– abdominal cavity contains most digestive organs, kidneys & ureters
– pelvic cavity contains rectum, urinary bladder, urethra & reproductive organs
•
Peritoneum - Serous Membranes of Abdominopelvic cavity
– visceral peritoneum
– parietal peritoneum
- peritoneal cavity
- peritoneal fluid
A-17
Retroperitoneal Organs
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Posterior
Back muscles
2nd lumbar vertebra
Kidney
Spinal cord
Liver
Renal vein
and artery
Fat
Inferior
vena cava
Dorsal mesentery
Aorta
Parietal peritoneum
Intestine
Visceral
peritoneum (serosa)
Peritoneal cavity
Omentum or other
ventral mesentery
Anterior
Kidneys, Ureters, Adrenal Glands, most of Pancreas, Abdominal portions of Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava
Figure A.9
A-18
Intraperitoneal Organs
organs encircled by peritoneum and connected to
posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets
• dorsal mesentery – suspends intestines from posterior
abdominal wall
– mesocolon – dorsal mesentery of large intestine
• ventral mesentery – suspends viscera from anterior
abdominal wall
– greater omentum – inferolateral border of stomach – overlies intestines
- ‘fatty apron’
– lesser omentum – superomedial border of stomach to liver
• serosa – outer layer of an organ formed when the visceral
peritoneum divides and wraps around the organ
A-19
Membranes of Abdominal Cavity
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Diaphragm
Liver
Serosae
Stomach
Lesser
omentum
Pancreas
Greater omentum
Duodenum
Large intestine
Dorsal
mesentery
Small intestine
Parietal peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
Urinary bladder
Visceral
peritoneum
Rectum
Figure A.10
A-20
Potential Spaces
• Found between two membranes normally
pressed firmly together
– not physically attached, may separate, and fill with
fluid in unusual situations
• Examples
– pleural cavity
• air or fluid can accumulate between parietal and visceral
pleura forming a space
– uterus
• in a nonpregnant uterus, mucous membranes of walls are
in contact
A-21
11 Organ Systems
• Protection, Support, and Movement
– Integumentary System
– Skeletal System
– Muscular System
• Internal Communications & Integration
– Nervous System
– Endocrine System
• Fluid Transport
– Circulatory System
– Lymphatic System
• Defense
– Immune (Lymphatic System)
• Input and Output
– Respiratory System
– Urinary System
– Digestive System
• Reproduction
– Reproductive System
A-22
Organ Systems (1)
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Principal organs:
Skin, hair , nails,
cutaneous glands
Principal functions:
Protection, water retention,
thermoregulation, vitamin
D synthesis, cutaneous
sensation, nonverbal
communication
Integumentary system
Principal organs:
Bones, cartilages,
ligaments
Principal functions:
Support, movement,
protective enclosure of
viscera, blood formation,
electrolyte and acid–base
balance
Skeletal system
Principal organs:
Skeletal muscles
Principal functions:
Movement, stability ,
communication, control
of body openings, heat
production
Muscular system
Principal organs:
Lymph nodes,
lymphatic vessels,
thymus, spleen, tonsils
Principal functions:
Recovery of excess
tissue fluid, detection of
pathogens, production
of immune cells, defense
against disease
Lymphatic system
Figure A.11
A-23
Organ Systems (2)
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Principal organs:
Nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs
Principal organs:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder , urethra
Principal functions:
Absorption of oxygen,
discharge of carbon
dioxide, acid–base
balance, speech
Principal functions:
Elimination of wastes;
regulation of blood
volume and pressure;
stimulation of red blood
cell formation; control
of fluid, electrolyte,
and acid-base balance;
detoxification
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Principal organs:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves,
ganglia
Principal functions:
Rapid internal
communication,
coordination,
motor control
and sensation
Nervous system
Principal organs:
Pituitary gland,
pineal gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, thymus,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
testes, ovaries
Principal functions:
Hormone production ;
internal chemical
communication and
coordination
Endocrine system
Figure A.11
A-24
Organ Systems (3)
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Principal organs:
Heart, blood vessels
Principal functions:
Distribution of nutrients,
oxygen, wastes,
hormones, electrolytes,
heat, immune cells,
and antibodies;
fluid, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance
Circulatory system
Principal organs:
Teeth, tongue, salivary
glands, esophagus,
stomach, small and large
intestines, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
Principal functions:
Nutrient breakdown and
absorption. Liver functions
include metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, vitamins, and
minerals; synthesis of
plasma proteins; disposal
of drugs, toxins, and
hormones; and cleansing
of blood.
Digestive system
Principal organs:
Testes, epididymides,
spermatic ducts, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands,
penis
Principal functions:
Production and delivery
of sperm; secretion of
sex hormones
Male reproductive system
Principal organs:
Ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, mammary
glands
Principal functions:
Production of eggs; site
of fertilization and fetal
development; fetal
nourishment; birth;
lactation; secretion of
sex hormones(
Female reproductive system
Figure A.11
A-25
Superficial Anatomy (female)
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Platysma
Trapezius m.
Clavicle
Deltoid m.
Pectoralis major m.
Cephalic v.
Breast
Biceps brachii m.
External abdominal
oblique m.
Sheath of rectus
abdominis m.
Umbilicus
Anterior superior
spine of ilium
Inguinal ligament
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Sartorius m.
Mons pubis
Femoral vein
Adductor longus m.
Great saphenous vein
Gracilis m.
Vastus lateralis m.
Rectus femoris m.
Figure A.12
A-26
Visceral Anatomy (male) 1
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Internal jugular v.
External jugular v.
Omohyoid m.
Clavicle
Internal
intercostal mm.
External
intercostal mm.
Costal
cartilages
Common
carotid a.
Sternum
Subscapularis m.
Coracobrachialis m.
Lung
Pericardium
Pleura
Diaphragm
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
External abdominal
oblique m.
Internal abdominal
oblique m.
Transverse abdominal m.
Greater omentum
Large
intestine
Urinary bladder
Penis
Scrotum
Femoral n.
Femoral a.
Femoral v.
Figure A.13
A-27
Visceral Anatomy (male) 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thyroid cartilage of larynx
Thyroid gland
Brachial nerve plexus
Brachiocephalic v.
Subclavian v.
Subclavian a.
Aortic arch
Superior vena
cava
Coracobrachialis m.
Humerus
Axillary v.
Axillary a.
Cephalic v.
Brachial v.
Brachial a.
Heart
Lobes of lung
Spleen
Stomach
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Penis (cut)
Pectineus m.
Adductor longus m.
Gracilis m.
Ductus
deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Adductor magnus m.
Rectus femoris m.
Figure A.14
A-28
Retroperitoneal Anatomy (female)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Trachea
Superior vena cava
Bronchus
Esophagus
Pleural cavity
Hepatic vv.
Inferior vena cava
Splenic a.
Duodenum
Lung
(sectioned)
Thoracic aorta
Spleen
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Superior mesenteric v .
Kidney
Superior
mesenteric a.
Abdominal aorta
Inferior
mesenteric a.
Common iliac a.
Ureter
Ovary
Uterine tube
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Pectineus m.
Gracilis m.
Tensor fasciae
latae m. (cut)
Sartorius m. (cut)
Rectus
femoris m. (cut)
Adductor brevis m.
Vastus intermedius m.
Adductor longus m.
Adductor
longus m. (cut)
Vastus lateralis m.
Vastus medialis m.
Figure A.15
A-29
Dorsal Body Wall (female)
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Right common carotid a.
Right subclavian a.
Left common
carotid a.
Left subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk
External
intercostal m.
Ribs
Internal
intercostal m.
Thoracic aorta
Esophagus
Diaphragm
Abdominal aorta
Quadratus
lumborum m.
Intervertebral disc
Lumbar vertebra
Iliac crest
Psoas major m.
Ilium
Iliacus m.
Sacrum
Gluteus medius m.
Anterior superior
spine of ilium
Brim of pelvis
Rectum
Vagina
Urethra
Adductor magnus m.
Femur
Gracilis m.
Adductor longus m.
Adductor brevis m.
Figure A.16
A-30
Median Section of the Head
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Scalp
Cranium
Cerebrum
Frontal sinus
Brainstem
Nasal cavity
Cerebellum
Palate
Oral cavity
Foramen magnum
of skull
Tongue
Spinal cord
Epiglottis
Pharynx
Vertebral column
Vocal cord
Larynx
Intervertebral discs
Trachea
Esophagus
Figure A.17
A-31
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Dissection of Thoracic Cavity
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Internal jugular v.
Subclavian v.
Nerves
Lungs
Ribs
Heart
Diaphragm
Figure A.18
A-32
© McGraw-Hill Companies
Transverse Section of Thorax
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Anterior
Pectoralis
major m.
Fat of breast
Sternum
Ventricles
of heart
Ribs
Pericardial
cavity
Right lung
Esophagus
Atria of heart
Aorta
Vertebra
Left lung
Spinal cord
Pleural cavity
Posterior
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Figure A.19
A-33
Dissection of Abdomen
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Lung
Diaphragm
Transverse colon
Gallbladder
Small intestine
Mesenteric
arteries and veins
Mesentery
Descending colon
Cecum
Figure A.20
Sigmoid colon
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
A-34
Transverse Section of Abdomen
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Duodenum
Anterior
Stomach
Subcutaneous
fat
Rectus
abdominis m.
Large
intestine
Superior mesenteric
artery and vein
Pancreas
Inferior vena cava
Liver
Kidney
Peritoneal cavity
Perirenal
fat of
kidney
Peritoneum
Aorta
Erector
spinae m.
Vertebra
Posterior
Spinal cord
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Figure A.21
A-35
Median Section of Male Pelvic
Region
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Urinary bladder
Sigmoid colon
Pubic symphysis
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Penis:
Root
Bulb
Rectum
Anal canal
Shaft:
Corpus
cavernosum
Anus
Corpus
spongiosum
Epididymis
Scrotum
Glans
Testis
Figure A.22
(a) Male
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
A-36
Median Section of Female Pelvic
Region
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Vertebra
Red bone marrow
Mesentery
Intervertebral disc
Small intestine
Sacrum
Sigmoid colon
Uterus
Cervix
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Urethra
Vagina
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus
Labium minus
Prepuce
Labium majus
Figure A.22
(b) Female
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
A-37