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What does a Nervous System do for you? •Detect (sense) changes in the environment (light, sound, smell, taste, touch, heat) •Detect (sense) changes in the internal environment (blood pressure, blood chemistry, temperature, etc.) •Integrate and evaluate sensory information •Plan, problem-solve, predict •Store and retrieve information (memory) •Control contractions of skeletal muscles (movements / behavior) •Control internal glands, muscles (heart rate, hormone secretions, metabolism) The Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System - completely surrounded by bone - suspended in cerebrospinal fluid - covered by meninges - protected by “blood-brain barrier” Peripheral Nervous System - nerves leaving and entering the CNS - motor nerves = control muscles and glands - sensory nerves = transmit information to the CNS from sensory receptors. - cranial nerves (bottom of brain) and spinal nerves (from spinal cord) are the foundation from which all other peripheral nerves emerge. Nervous System showing spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord Small segment of spinal cord Showing two pairs of spinal nerves There are 31 pairs all together. Spinal Cord Functions 1. receive sensory input from receptors 2. provide motor output to muscles and glands. 3. coordinate reflexes 4. ascending and descending tracts How the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems Interact Terminology Associated with the Nervous System • Neuron: • Neuroglia (Glial cells): • Nerve: • Ganglion: Nucleus: • Central Nervous System: Peripheral Nervous System: • Somatic: Autonomic: • Sensory (Afferent): Efferent (motor): The Brain Has a Rich and Complex Blood Supply That Provides the Nerve Tissue with Oxygen and Nutrients While Removing Caron Dioxide and Wastes Ventricles of the Brain Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid That Buoys the Brain and Provides Nutrients and Cushioning Lateral (There are two) 3rd aqueduct 4th Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Central Sulcus Gyrus (ridge) Sulcus (groove) Parietal lobe Occipital lobe cerebellum Frontal lobe Temporal lobe cerebrum Central Sulcus Gyrus (ridge) Sulcus (groove) Transverse Fissure cerebellum Lateral Fissure Pons Medulla oblongata Post-Central Gyrus Pre-Central Gyrus Sommatosensory cortex Sommatomotor cortex Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Somatosensory Area Somatomotor Area Sensory “Wernike’s Area Moror Speech “Broca’s Area” Primary Visual Area Audotory Area Three Dimensional Somatosensory Homunculus Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) Caudate Nucleus Lentiform Nucleus putamen globus pallidus Substantia Nigra Subthalamic Nucleus Limbic System Cingulate gyrus Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Location of Thalamus Relative to Basal Nuclei (ganglia) Cerebral cortex (gray matter) Corpus callosum thalamus thalamus Temporal lobe Midbrain Temporal lobe pons Basal nuclei Thalamus Corpus Callosum Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Pons Midbrain Medulla oblongata Gray matter (cortex) White Matter Thalamus Projection fibers Ascending and Descending tracts Superior View • Horizontal Sections of Brain • Transverse = a section that cuts the body into “top” (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions. Longitudinal fissure Central sulcus Commissural fibers Lateral Ventricles Thalamus Association fibers Olfactory bulb Optic Chiasma Infundibulum Optic nerve Mammillary body pons cerebellum Medulla oblongata Optic nerve Optic chiasma Infundibulu m Mammillary body Inferior View of Brain and Cranial Nerves Nervous System showing spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord Small segment of spinal cord Showing two pairs of spinal nerves There are 31 pairs all together. Spinal Cord Functions 1. receive sensory input from receptors 2. provide motor output to muscles and glands. 3. coordinate reflexes 4. ascending and descending tracts Spinal Cord cervical swelling Spinal Nerves Nerve Plexes lumbar swelling Cauda Equina Spinal cord Spinal nerves Cauda equina Spinal nerve Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal Root Ganglia Spinal nerve Nerve roots Spinal Cord Transverse Section Dorsal Horn Lateral Horn Ventral Horn Dorsal Root ganglion Dorsal Root Ventral Root Location of spinal cord inside canal of vertebra Gray Matter Spinal Nerve White Matter Body of Vertebra White matter Ventral root Gray matter Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root Organization of the Spinal Cord dorsal root Sensory neuron cell body Dorsal root ganglion sensory Spinal nerve Ventral root motor Motor neuron cell body From Receptor To Effector Simple Knee Jerk Reflex Coordinated by the Spinal Cord Dorsal root Dorsal root ganglion Sensory neuron Quadriceps muscle Motor neuron Ventral root Withdrawal Reflex interneuron Ascending Tracts Descending tracts Detail of Retina Eye Optic Nerve Light Rods and cones Optic Chiasma Right Visual Field Geniculate Nucleus Primary Visual Cortex Left Visual Field Thalamus
