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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE
STRUCTURAL UNITS
Anatomy and Physiology
Branches of Anatomy
1.Gross Anatomy-study of large and easily
observable structures by dissection or inspection
with the naked eye(ex. General shape, external
features, main divisions)
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Anatomy and Physiology
2. Microscopic Anatomy-on a cellular level
thanks to invention of the microscope
• Cytology: study of the structure, function, and
development of cells that comprise
different body parts
• Histology: study of tissues and organs that make
up the entire body of an organism
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Anatomy and Physiology
3.Developmental Anatomy:
studies the
growth and development of an organism during its
lifetime
• Embryology: studies the formation of an organism
from the fertilized egg to birth
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Anatomy and Physiology
4. Comparative Anatomy-
studies the organs and
body parts of humans in comparison to other animals within the
animal kingdom
5. Systemic Anatomy-
studies structure and
function of various organs or parts that comprise a particular
organ system. Ex: Dermatology-study of integumentary system
Endocrinology-study of endocrine system
Neurology- study of nervous system
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Anatomic Terminology
Terms Referring to Location or
Position and Direction
Anatomical Position: a human being in such a position is
standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side, and
palms forward.
• Anterior/Ventral: “front” or “in front
of” Ex: A ventral hernia may protrude from the front of the
abdomen.
• Posterior/Dorsal: “back” or “in back
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Shoulder
blades
(scapula)
are located
on the posterior
Anatomical Terminology
• Cranial: “skull or head end”
Ex: A VP shunt was placed to manage the patients increased
intracranial pressure.
• Caudal: “tail end”
Ex: Caudal anesthesia is injected in the lower spine.
• Superior: “upper” or “above another”
Ex. The heart and lungs are situated superior to the diaphragm.
• Inferior:”lower” or “below another”
Ex. The intestines are situated inferior to the diaphragm.
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Anatomic Terminology
• Medial:”toward the midline or median
plane of the body”
• Lateral: “away” or toward the side of
the body
Ex: The nose is medial to the eyes and the ears are lateral to
the nose.
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Anatomic Terminology
• Proximal: “towards the point of
attachment to the body or trunk of the
body”
• Distal: “away from the point of
attachment or origin or farthest from
the trunk of the body”
Ex: The hand is proximal to the wrist.
The elbow is distal to the shoulder.
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Anatomic Terminology
• Terms Referring to Body Planes
and Sections
Planes are imaginary anatomical
dividing lines which are useful in
separating body structures.
A section is a cut made through the
body in the direction of a certain
plane
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Anatomic Terminology
• Sagittal Plane: divides the body into
right and left parts
• Mid-Sagittal Plane: right and left
sides of the body
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Anatomic Terminology
• Coronal (frontal) Plane: a vertical cut
at right angles to the sagittal plane
dividing the body into anterior and
posterior portions
• Transverse Plane: aka-”cross section”
a horizontal line that divides the body
into upper and lower parts
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Anatomic Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
Terms Referring to Cavities of the
Body
•
•
•
•
Dorsal cavity: contains brain and spinal cord
Cranial cavity: contains the brain
Spinal cavity: contains the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity: contains heart and lungs
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Anatomical Terminology
• Abdominopelvic cavity:
pelvis
includes abdomen and
• Abdominal cavity:
contains stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and
part of the large intestine
• Pelvic cavity:
contains the urinary bladder,
reproductive organs, rectum, appendix, and remainder of
large intestine
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Anatomic Terminology
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Anatomic Terminology
Terms Referring to Regions in the
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Upper/Epigastric region: located just below
the sternum
• Right hypochondriac region:
on right side of body
• Left hypochondriac region:
on left side of body
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just below ribs
just below ribs
Anatomic Terminology
• Middle/Umbilical region:
umbilicus
around the naval or
• Right lumbar region:
runs anterior to posterior,
just below right hypochondriac region
• Left lumbar region: runs anterior to posterior,
just below left hypochondriac region
• Lower/Hypogastric region: pubic area
• Right Illiac Region: right inguinal area
• Left Illiac Region: left inguinal area
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Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
• Smaller Cavities
• Orbital cavity:
ducts
eyes, optic nerves, lacrimal (tear)
• Nasal cavity: parts that form the nose
• Buccal cavity: teeth and tongue
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Life Functions
• Life Functions are a series of highly organized
and related activities which allow living
organisms to live, grow, and maintain
themselves.
• These vital functions include movement,
ingestion, digestion, transport, respiration,
synthesis, assimilation, growth, secretion,
excretion, regulation, and reproduction
• See pg. 6
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Human Development
• Early in human development, certain
groups of cells become highly
specialized for specific functions.
• Special cells grouped according to
function, shape, size, and structure
are called tissues.
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Human Development
• Tissues form larger structural units
known as organs.
• Groups of organs that work
together to perform a specific
function are called an organ system.
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Body Processes
• Metabolism: the functional activities of
cells that result in growth, repair, energy
release, use of food, and secretions
• Anabolism: the building up of complex
materials from simpler ones such as food and
oxygen
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Body Processes
• Catabolism: the breaking down and
changing of complex substances into simpler
ones, with a release of energy and carbon
dioxide
Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism
• Homeostasis: the maintenance of optimal
internal environment of the human body
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