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7
Head and Neck Anatomy
Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Landmarks of the face
Philtrum
Labial tubercle
Nasolabial groove
Labial commissure
Vermilion zone
Vermilion border
Labiomental groove
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Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Landmarks of the oral cavity
– Vestibule
– Vestibule fornix
– Labial mucosa
– Buccal mucosa
– Parotid papilla
– Stensen’s duct
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Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Landmarks of the oral cavity
– Linea alba
– Fordyce's spots
– Alveolar mucosa
– Gingiva
– Labial frenum
– Buccal frenum
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Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Palate area of the oral cavity
– Hard palate
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•
•
•
Incisive papilla
Palatine raphe
Palatine rugae
Torus
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Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Palate area of the oral cavity
– Soft palate
•
•
•
•
•
Uvula
Anterior tonsillar pillars
Posterior tonsillar pillars
Palatine tonsils
Fauces
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Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Palate area of the oral cavity
Uvula
Incisive papilla
Palatine rugae
Palatine
tonsils
Palatine raphe
Anterior
tonsillar pillar
Fauces
Posterior
tonsillar pillar
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Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Tongue
– Dorsal or top
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sulcus terminalis
Circumvallate papilla
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papilla
Median sulcus
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Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Tongue
– Ventral or underside
• Lingual frenum
• Lingual veins
• Fimbriated folds
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Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Floor of the mouth
– Sublingual caruncles
– Sublingual folds
– Sublingual sulcus
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Landmarks of the
Face and Oral Cavity
• Salivary glands
– Parotid
– Submandibular
– Sublingual
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Bones of the Head
• Bones of the cranium
– Frontal bone
– Parietal bones
– Temporal bones
– Occipital bone
– Sphenoid bone
– Ethmoid bone
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
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Bones of the Head
• Bones of the face
– Nasal bone
– Vomer bone
– Inferior nasal conchae
– Lacrimal bones
– Maxillae bones
– Zygomatic bones
– Palatine bones
– Mandible bone
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
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Bones of the Head
• Bones of the face
Frontal bone
Splenoid bone
Parietal bone
Nasal bone
Ethmoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Lacrimal bone
Maxilla
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer bone
Mental foramen
Alveolar process
Mandible
Alveolar process
Symphysis
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Bones of the Head
• Landmarks of the maxilla
– Infraorbital
– Frontal processes
foramen
– Zygomatic processes
–
Maxillary
sinus
– Alveolar process
–
Maxillary
– Palatine process
tuberosity
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Bones of the Head
• Palatine bones
– Palatine suture
– Incisive foramen
– Greater palatine foramen
– Lesser palatine foramen
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Bones of the Head
• Landmarks of the mandible
– Rami
– Condyloid process
– Coronoid process
– Temporomandibular joint
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Bones of the Head
• Landmarks of the mandible
– Mandibular notch
– Mandibular foramen
– Internal oblique ridge
– Mylohyoid ridge
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Bones of the Head
• Landmarks of the mandible
– Angle of the mandible
– Mental foramen
– External oblique ridge
– Retromolar area
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Bones of the Head
• Landmarks of the mandible
– Symphysis
– Mental protuberance
– Lingual foramen
– Genial tubercles
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Bones of the Head
• Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
– Glenoid fossa of the temporal bone
– Articular eminence of the temporal bone
– Condyloid process of the mandible
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Bones of the Head
• Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
– Synovial fluid
• Thick, sticky fluid that provides nourishment
and lubrication so bones can glide without
friction
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of mastication
– Temporal muscles
– Masseter muscles
– Internal pterygoid muscles
– External pterygoid muscles
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of mastication
Zygomatic bone
Temporal muscle
Neck of the condyle
External pterygoid muscle
Internal pterygoid muscle
Angle of the mandible
Masseter muscle
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of facial expression
– Orbicularis oris
– Buccinator
– Mentalis
– Zygomatic major
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the floor of the mouth
– Digastric
– Mylohyoid
– Stylohyoid
– Geniohyoid
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the floor of the mouth
Styloid process
Tongue
Mandible
Geniohyoid muscle
Mylohyoid muscle (cut)
Digastric muscle
(anterior belly)
Digastric muscle
(posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Loop for digastric
muscle
Greater cornu
Lesser cornu
Body
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the tongue
– Genioglossus
– Hypoglossus
– Styloglossus
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the tongue
Palatoglossus muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Styloid process
Dorsum of tongue
Genioglossus muscle
Hypoglossus muscle
Hyoid bone
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the soft palate
– Palatoglossus
– Palatopharyngeal
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the soft palate
Palatoglossus
muscle
Uvula
Nasopharynx
Palatopharyngeal
muscle
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the neck
– Platysma
– Trapezius
– Sternocleidomastoid
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Nerves of the Head and Neck
• Maxillary nerves
– Zygomatic
– Infraorbital
– Posterior superior alveolar
– Pterygopalatine
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Nerves of the Head and Neck
• Maxillary nerves
Pterygopalatine nerve
Infraorbital nerve
Zygomatic nerve
Maxillary division of
trigeminal nerve
Zygomaticofacial
nerve
Trigeminal ganglion
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Posterior superior
alveolar nerve
Middle superior
alveolar nerve
Anterior superior
alveolar nerve
Lateral nasal branches
Nasopalatine branch
of pterygopalatine
(sphenopalatine) nerve
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Nerves of the Neck and Head
• Mandibular nerves
– Buccal branch
– Lingual branch
– Inferior alveolar branch
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Nerves of the Neck and Head
• Mandibular nerves
Buccal nerve
Posterior division
of mandibular
nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Mylohyoid nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Mylohyoid nerve
Hyoid bone
Lingual
nerve
Terminals of
lingual nerve to
tongue
Incisive nerves
Mental nerve at
mental foramen
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Circulation of
the Head and Neck
• Arteries of the face and oral cavity
– Common carotid artery
• External carotid artery
• Internal carotid artery
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Circulation of
the Head and Neck
• External carotid artery branches
– Lingual artery
– Facial artery
– Maxillary artery
– Mandibular artery
– Pterygoid artery
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Circulation of the Head and Neck
• Arteries of the face and oral cavity
Posterior superior
alveolar artery
Middle superior
alveolar artery
Superficial
temporal artery
Infraorbital artery
Descending
palatine artery
Anterior superior
alveolar artery
Maxillary artery
Facial artery
External carotid
artery
Internal carotid
artery
Inferior alveolar
artery
Lingual artery
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Circulation of
the Head and Neck
• Veins of the face and oral cavity
– Superficial veins
• Facial, deep facial, retromandibular, lingual
– Deep veins
• Maxillary, pterygoid plexus
– Jugular veins
• External, internal
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Circulation of the Head and Neck
• Veins of the face and oral cavity
Superficial temporal vein
Maxillary vein
Anterior
retromandibular vein
Pterygoid plexus
of veins
Deep facial vein
Facial vein
Posterior
retromandibular vein
Posterior auricular
vein
External jugular vein
Common facial vein
Internal jugular vein
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