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Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures. Nasal cavity Nostril Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Right main (primary) bronchus Left main (primary) bronchus Left lung Right lung Diaphragm © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures. Alveolar duct Alveolus (b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue, showing the final divisions of the respiratory tree (120×) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Alveolar pores Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures. Nasal cavity Nostril Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Right main (primary) bronchus Left main (primary) bronchus Left lung Right lung Diaphragm © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasopharynx • Pharyngeal tonsil • Opening of pharyngotympanic tube • Uvula Oropharynx • Palatine tonsil • Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea Frontal sinus Nasal cavity • Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) • Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) • Nasal vestibule • Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Hyoid bone Larynx • Epiglottis • Thyroid cartilage • Vocal fold • Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasopharynx • Pharyngeal tonsil • Opening of pharyngotympanic tube • Uvula Oropharynx • Palatine tonsil • Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea Frontal sinus Nasal cavity • Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) • Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) • Nasal vestibule • Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Hyoid bone Larynx • Epiglottis • Thyroid cartilage • Vocal fold • Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.4a The larynx. Epiglottis Thyrohyoid membrane Body of hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricoid cartilage Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages © 2014 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior superficial view Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasopharynx • Pharyngeal tonsil • Opening of pharyngotympanic tube • Uvula Oropharynx • Palatine tonsil • Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea Frontal sinus Nasal cavity • Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) • Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) • Nasal vestibule • Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Hyoid bone Larynx • Epiglottis • Thyroid cartilage • Vocal fold • Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.4c The larynx. Epiglottis Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Lateral thyrohyoid membrane Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Glottis Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages © 2014 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Photograph of cartilaginous framework of the larynx, posterior view Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds. Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis © 2014 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasopharynx • Pharyngeal tonsil • Opening of pharyngotympanic tube • Uvula Oropharynx • Palatine tonsil • Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea Frontal sinus Nasal cavity • Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) • Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) • Nasal vestibule • Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Hyoid bone Larynx • Epiglottis • Thyroid cartilage • Vocal fold • Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds. Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis © 2014 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasopharynx • Pharyngeal tonsil • Opening of pharyngotympanic tube • Uvula Oropharynx • Palatine tonsil • Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea Frontal sinus Nasal cavity • Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) • Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) • Nasal vestibule • Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Hyoid bone Larynx • Epiglottis • Thyroid cartilage • Vocal fold • Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.3a Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus. Posterior Mucosa Submucosa Esophagus Trachealis muscle Lumen of trachea Seromucous gland in submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia (a) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior Figure 13.3b Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus. (b) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.7 Conducting zone passages. Trachea Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Superior lobe of right lung Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung © 2014 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior lobe of left lung Figure 13.4b Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity. Vertebra Posterior Esophagus (in posterior mediastinum) Root of lung at hilum • Left main bronchus • Left pulmonary artery • Left pulmonary vein Right lung Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Left lung Pleural cavity Thoracic wall Pulmonary trunk Pericardial membranes Sternum Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum Anterior (b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.5a Respiratory zone structures. Alveolar duct Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole (a) Diagrammatic view of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Alveoli Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures. Alveolar duct Alveolus (b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue, showing the final divisions of the respiratory tree (120×) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Alveolar pores Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier). Red blood cell Capillary Endothelial cell nucleus Alveolar pores Capillary O2 CO2 Macrophage Nucleus of squamous epithelial cell Respiratory membrane Alveolus Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes Capillary endothelium Alveoli (gasfilled air spaces) Squamous Red blood Surfactantcell in secreting cell epithelial cell of alveolar wall capillary © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.12 Intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure relationships. Atmospheric pressure (Patm) 0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg) Parietal pleura Thoracic wall Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Transpulmonary pressure 4 mm Hg (the difference between 0 mm Hg and −4 mm Hg) –4 0 Lung Diaphragm © 2014 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) 0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg) Intrapleural pressure (Pip) −4 mm Hg (756 mm Hg) Figure 21.10a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity. Intercostal muscle Rib Lung Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Visceral pleura Trachea Thymus Apex of lung Left superior lobe Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Cardiac notch Base of lung Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally. © 2014 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier). Red blood cell Capillary Endothelial cell nucleus Alveolar pores Capillary O2 CO2 Macrophage Nucleus of squamous epithelial cell Respiratory membrane Alveolus Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes Capillary endothelium Alveoli (gasfilled air spaces) Squamous Red blood Surfactantcell in secreting cell epithelial cell of alveolar wall capillary © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostatic Imbalance 13.7 A colored chest X-ray showing a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.10 Gas exchanges in the body occur according to the laws of diffusion. Inspired air: Alveoli of lungs: CO2 O2 O2 CO2 O2 CO2 External respiration Pulmonary arteries Alveolar capillaries Blood leaving tissues and entering lungs: Pulmonary veins Blood leaving lungs and entering tissue capillaries: Heart O2 CO2 Tissue capillaries Systemic veins Internal respiration Systemic arteries CO2 O2 Tissue cells: O2 CO2 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. O2 CO2