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Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures.
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Right main
(primary)
bronchus
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Right lung
Diaphragm
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures.
Alveolar
duct
Alveolus
(b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue,
showing the final divisions of the
respiratory tree (120×)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Alveolar
pores
Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures.
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Right main
(primary)
bronchus
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Right lung
Diaphragm
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil
• Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
• Uvula
Oropharynx
• Palatine tonsil
• Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
• Nasal meatuses (superior,
middle, and inferior)
• Nasal vestibule
• Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil
• Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
• Uvula
Oropharynx
• Palatine tonsil
• Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
• Nasal meatuses (superior,
middle, and inferior)
• Nasal vestibule
• Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.4a The larynx.
Epiglottis
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Body of hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple)
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Cricotracheal ligament
Tracheal cartilages
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior superficial view
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil
• Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
• Uvula
Oropharynx
• Palatine tonsil
• Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
• Nasal meatuses (superior,
middle, and inferior)
• Nasal vestibule
• Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.4c The larynx.
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyroid
cartilage
Lateral
thyrohyoid
membrane
Corniculate
cartilage
Arytenoid
cartilage
Glottis
Cricoid
cartilage
Tracheal
cartilages
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Photograph of cartilaginous framework
of the larynx, posterior view
Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds.
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil
• Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
• Uvula
Oropharynx
• Palatine tonsil
• Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
• Nasal meatuses (superior,
middle, and inferior)
• Nasal vestibule
• Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds.
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section.
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil
• Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
• Uvula
Oropharynx
• Palatine tonsil
• Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
• Nasal meatuses (superior,
middle, and inferior)
• Nasal vestibule
• Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.3a Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus.
Posterior
Mucosa
Submucosa
Esophagus
Trachealis
muscle
Lumen of
trachea
Seromucous
gland in
submucosa
Hyaline
cartilage
Adventitia
(a)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior
Figure 13.3b Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus.
(b)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.7 Conducting zone passages.
Trachea
Superior lobe
of left lung
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Superior lobe
of right lung
Lobar (secondary)
bronchus
Segmental (tertiary)
bronchus
Middle lobe
of right lung
Inferior lobe
of right lung
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior lobe
of left lung
Figure 13.4b Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
Vertebra
Posterior
Esophagus
(in posterior mediastinum)
Root of lung at hilum
• Left main bronchus
• Left pulmonary artery
• Left pulmonary vein
Right lung
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Left lung
Pleural cavity
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Pericardial
membranes
Sternum
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
Anterior
(b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.5a Respiratory zone structures.
Alveolar duct
Respiratory
bronchioles
Terminal
bronchiole
(a) Diagrammatic view of respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar
sac
Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures.
Alveolar
duct
Alveolus
(b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue,
showing the final divisions of the
respiratory tree (120×)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Alveolar
pores
Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier).
Red blood cell
Capillary
Endothelial cell
nucleus
Alveolar pores
Capillary
O2
CO2
Macrophage
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolus
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement
membranes
Capillary endothelium
Alveoli (gasfilled air
spaces)
Squamous
Red blood Surfactantcell in
secreting cell epithelial cell
of alveolar wall
capillary
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.12 Intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure relationships.
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg)
Parietal pleura
Thoracic wall
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Transpulmonary
pressure
4 mm Hg
(the difference
between 0 mm Hg
and −4 mm Hg)
–4
0
Lung
Diaphragm
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Intrapulmonary
pressure (Ppul)
0 mm Hg
(760 mm Hg)
Intrapleural
pressure (Pip)
−4 mm Hg
(756 mm Hg)
Figure 21.10a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
Intercostal
muscle
Rib
Lung
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Trachea
Thymus
Apex of lung
Left
superior lobe
Right superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Right middle lobe
Oblique fissure
Oblique
fissure
Left inferior
lobe
Right inferior lobe
Heart
(in mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Cardiac notch
Base of lung
Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier).
Red blood cell
Capillary
Endothelial cell
nucleus
Alveolar pores
Capillary
O2
CO2
Macrophage
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolus
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement
membranes
Capillary endothelium
Alveoli (gasfilled air
spaces)
Squamous
Red blood Surfactantcell in
secreting cell epithelial cell
of alveolar wall
capillary
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homeostatic Imbalance 13.7 A colored chest X-ray showing a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 13.10 Gas exchanges in the body occur according to the laws of diffusion.
Inspired air:
Alveoli
of lungs:
CO2 O2
O2 CO2
O2 CO2
External
respiration
Pulmonary
arteries
Alveolar
capillaries
Blood
leaving
tissues and
entering
lungs:
Pulmonary
veins
Blood
leaving
lungs and
entering
tissue
capillaries:
Heart
O2 CO2
Tissue
capillaries
Systemic
veins
Internal
respiration
Systemic
arteries
CO2
O2
Tissue
cells:
O2 CO2
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
O2 CO2