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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College CHAPTER 7 The Skeleton: Part A Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The skeleton accounts of 20% of body mass • There are 206 bones in the human skeleton • Ligaments –band of fibrous tissue that connects bones • Divisions of the Skeleton • Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Axial Skeleton • Contains of 80 bones that collectively form the axis of the body trunk • Protect the brain and spinal cord and organs within the thoracic cavity • Three major regions of the axial skeleton • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage • Hyoid Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Vertebral column Sacrum Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Figure 7.1a The Skull • General Characteristics • • Composed of: cranial and facial bones • Cranial bones enclose and protect the brain • Facial bones form the framework of the face, contain cavities for special sense organs, provide openings for food & air, secure teeth, anchor facial muscles Most bones of the skull are: paired Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of cranium (cranial vault) Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones (a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2a Major Sutures of the Skull •Four sutures mark the articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones: • Coronal (frontal) suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone • Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones • Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and occipital bone • Squamous suture—between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5a Sagittal suture Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance (b) Posterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital condyle Figure 7.4b The Skull • Calvaria – Cranial vault “skull cap” • Cranial Base (floor) of the skull is divided into three regions: • Anterior cranial fossa-accommodates the frontal lobes of brain • Middle cranial fossa- accomodates the temporal lobes • Posterior cranial fossa-deepest region houses cerebellum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa (b) Superior view of the cranial fossae Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2b Cavities Four pair of cavities within the skull bones called: paranasal sinuses • The four pair are: • • • • Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillary Frontal • Each cavity is lined with mucous membranes that form mucus, which drains into the nasal cavity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus (a) Anterior aspect Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus (b) Medial aspect Figure 7.15 The Orbits • Composed of: Cranial and facial bones; 7 bones in each orbit –frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Roof of orbit Supraorbital notch Superior orbital fissure Optic canal • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone • Orbital plate of frontal bone Medial wall • Sphenoid body Lateral wall of orbit • Orbital plate of ethmoid bone • Zygomatic process of frontal bone • Frontal process of maxilla • Greater wing of sphenoid bone • Lacrimal bone • Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit Inferior orbital fissure • Orbital process of palatine bone Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone • Orbital surface of maxillary bone Infraorbital foramen • Zygomatic bone (b) Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13a The Nasal Cavity • The roof, superior/lateral walls and superior portion of the nasal septum are formed by: the ethmoid bone • The floor is formed anteriorly by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones • The cavity is divided into right and left halves by the nasal septum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid Middle bone nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Maxillary bone (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Figure 7.14a The Nasal Cavity • Nasal conchae- on the lateral walls: formed by the superior and middle nasal conchae of ethmoid bone • The conchae and septum are lined with a mucus secreting mucosa that moistens & warms air, helps cleanse it of debris • Cribriform plate –porous superior surface of ethmoid for passage of olfactory fibers (smell) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Olfactory foramina Perpendicular plate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Crista galli Cribriform plate Middle nasal concha Figure 7.10 The Vertebral Column • General Characteristics • Contains 33 vertebrae, some of which are fused in adults • Intervertebral discs- • Inner part • Nucleus pulposus- gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column • Outer part • Anulus fibrosus- Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage • Herniated disc – usually involves rupture of the anulus fibrosus followed by protrusion of the spongy nucleus pulposus through the anulus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral disc Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.17a Spinal cord Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Nucleus pulposus of disc (c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.17c Vertebral Column: Curvatures • Increase the resilience and flexibility of the spine • Four normal curvatures • Two primary curvatures- Thoracic and sacral • Born with primary curvatures • Two secondary curvatures- Cervical and lumbar • Develop after birth Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.37 The Appendicular Skeleton • Characteristics • Includes: The upper and lower limbs and their girdles (pectoral and pelvic girdle) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves • The true pelvis is: the region inferior to the pelvic brim containing pelvic organs • The pubic angle is 80-90 degrees in females and 50-60 degrees in males • The acetabula are: smaller and farther apart in females and larger and closer together in males Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Base of sacrum Iliac fossa Coxal bone llium (os coxae or hip Pubic bone) bone Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Sacrum Coccyx Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic brim Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Ischium Pubic arch PLAY Animation: Rotatable pelvis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.29 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4 Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular bone plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a Maxilla (palatine process) Hard Palatine bone palate (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum Figure 7.6a