Download ANATOMIC TERMINOLOGY

Introduction to
Radiography
Terms and Definitions
Anatomic Terminology
 Anatomic
position
–Erect, face
forward, feet
together, arms
at sides with
palms forward
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Anatomic Terminology

Plane - Flat surface
passed through
the body or a
portion of the body
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planes
–Coronal
–Sagittal
Horizontal plane
–Transverse
coronal
Longitudinal
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Directional Terms
anterior
posterior
lateral
inferior
caudal
caudad
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posterior
cephalad
cephalic
superior
cranial
lateral
proximal
medial
distal
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Joint Movement Terms
ABDUCT vs. ADDUCT
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Joint Movement Terms
FLEXION vs. EXTENSION
hyperextend
extend
flexion
flexion
extension
dorsiflexion
plantar
flexion
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neutral
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Joint Movement Terms
INVERSION vs. EVERSION
turn inward or medially
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turn outward or laterally
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Joint Movement Terms
PRONATION vs. SUPINATION
place on
front
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place on
back
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Joint Movement Terms
ROTATION vs. CIRCUMDUCTION
pivot
circle
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Body Position Terms
Describe the overall
placement of the body
– Erect "upright"
 Position
when the
sagittal and coronal
planes of the body are
perpendicular to the
horizon
– Recumbent "lying
down"
 Position when the
transverse plane of the
body is perpendicular to
the horizon
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Body Position Terms
decubitus vs. recumbent
– general meanings are the
same
"LYING DOWN"
– but in radiography,
decubitus has a special
meaning
– DECUBITUS
 patient
is lying down &
the x-ray beam is
parallel to the horizon
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Erect Positions
Surface of body closest
to the film used to give
a more specific
description
 Examples:

Left lateral
erect position
– Posterior erect -- patient
is standing with the
posterior surface of the
body next to the cassette
– Left lateral erect -patient is standing with
the left side of the body
next to the cassette
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Recumbent Positions

Supine
(posterior recumbent
position)
– Lying down on the back

Prone
(anterior recumbent
position)
– Lying face down

xx lateral recumbent
– lying down on the xx side
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Oblique (Erect or Recumbent)
Position when the body is
rotated so that the MS
plane is neither ^ nor  to
the film but at an angle
 Exact position is indicated
by the surface closest to
the film and the angle of
rotation
 May be erect or
recumbent
 abbreviations:
– RPO, LPO, RAO, LAO
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
45 RPO
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Decubitus Positions

Ventral decubitus
– patient is prone & a horizontal
beam is used

Dorsal decubitus
– patient is supine & a horizontal
beam is used

Left lateral decubitus
– patient lying on the left lateral
side & a horizontal beam is
used
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PROJECTION

Refers to the path the
beam takes through part
Anteroposterior projection
(AP)
AP projection in supine position
 Beam
enters the front surface
and exits the back surface of
the part
Posteroanterior projection
(PA)
PA projection in prone position
 Beam
enters the back and
exits the front of the part
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Lateral Projections
 Normally
the
positioning
terminology is used
rather than projection
– torso and head
 Right
to left lateral projection
 Left to right lateral projection
– extremities
 Mediolateral
projection
 Lateromedial projection
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L lateral erect position
R to L lateral projection
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Oblique Projections
 Normally
the
positioning
terminology is used
– example
RPO position = right
anterior to right
posterior projection
(oblique AP)
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Radiographpy vs Nuclear
Medicine
Radiography – source of radiation is
external. Gamma rays pass through body
and form radiograph
Nuclear Medicine – source of radiation is
radiopharmaceutical taken internally. Xrays pass out of body and form scan
image.
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Ionization
 Ability
of x-rays to
change substances
thru which they
pass
 Used to make
radiographs and
treat cancer
 May cause cell
damage and even
death
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Nuclear Scan
 Can
give picture
of both structure
and function
 Use
radiopharmaceutical to
produce image
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Common Scans
 Bone
– fractures, tumors,
inflammation, bone growth
 Brain – tumors, blood flow
 Liver – cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors,
cysts, abscesses
 Lung – blood clots, tumors
 Thyroid – function, tumors
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Radioimmunoassay
 Mix
blood with
radioactive
substance to
determine specific
blood protein
concentrations
 Find antibodies and
antigens (titers)
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Radiation Therapy
 Treatment
of CA
with external
radiation
 Stereotactic –
focusing multiple
beams at the
same spot
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Teletherapy vs Bradytherapy
Teletherapy –
radiation source
is external
Bradytherapy –
radiation source
is internal
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Tomography
Imaging
method that
produces
tomes (cross
sections) of
body along any
plane
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CAT vs PET
CAT
– 2D tomes are
reconstructed to show 3D
images of structure
PET – radiopharmecuticals are
used to give 2D and 3D
images of function
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Media
– radio
waves and a strong
magnetic field
 Gives good image
of soft tissues
 Cannot use if metal
is implanted in
body
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Sonogram
 Media
– sound
waves
 Gives image of
deep structures
 Only imaging
procedure safe
for fetus
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Thermogram
 Media
– infrared
camera captures
surface body heat
 Newer forms relate
metabolic activity
(function) to heat
give off
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Contract Medium
 Radio-opaque
substance used to make
hard-to-see structure show up on image
 Used in CAT scans and fluoroscopy
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Radio-opaque vs Radiolucent
Radio-opaque Block x-rays
Shows up as light color
Radiolucent –
Passes x-rays thru’
Shows up as dark color
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Fluoroscopy
Visualization
of moving
structures
Used with
radio-opaque
substances
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