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Anatomy Anatomy: is the study of structure Physiology : is the study of function • Standard anatomical body position: – Body erect – Feet slightly apar – Palms facing forwardA Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (a) Anterior/Ventral Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Figure 1.7a Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Regional Terms • Two major divisions of body: – Axial • Head, neck, and trunk – Appendicular • Limbs • Regional terms designate specific areas Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (a) Anterior/Ventral Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Figure 1.7a Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Metacarpal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Figure 1.7b Body Planes • Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study Body Planes • Sagittal plane – Divides body vertically into right and left parts – Produces a sagittal section • Midsagittal (median) plane – Lies on midline • Parasagittal plane – Not on midline Body Planes • Frontal (coronal) plane – Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse (horizontal) plane – Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts – Produces a cross section • Oblique section – Cuts made diagonally Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Pancreas (c) Median section (midsagittal) Aorta Spleen Left and Liver Heart Spleen right lungs Stomach Arm Liver Spinal cord Body wall Subcutaneous fat layer Intestines Rectum Vertebral column Figure 1.8 Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity – Protects nervous system • Two subdivisions: – Cranial cavity • Encases brain – Vertebral cavity • Encases spinal cord Body Cavities • Ventral cavity – Houses internal organs (viscera) – Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) (a) Lateral view Ventral body cavity (thoracic and Abdomino- abdominopelvic pelvic cavities) cavity Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a-b Ventral Body Cavities • Thoracic cavity subdivisions: – Two pleural cavities • Each houses a lung – Mediastinum • Contains pericardial cavity • Surrounds thoracic organs – Pericardial cavity • Encloses heart Ventral Body Cavities • Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: – Abdominal cavity • Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver – Pelvic cavity • Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) (a) Lateral view Ventral body cavity (thoracic and Abdomino- abdominopelvic pelvic cavities) cavity Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a-b Serous Membrane (Serosa) • Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid – Parietal serosa lines internal body walls – Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart. Figure 1.10a-b Abdominopelvic Regions • Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Figure 1.11 Abdominopelvic Quadrants • Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Right Epigastric hypochondriac region region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac Hypogastric (inguinal) (pubic) region region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes Liver Diaphragm Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Appendix Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Figure 1.12