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The Hand Bucky Boaz, ARNP-C Examination of the Upper Extremity A detailed history should include: Patient’s age Handedness Occupation Hobbies Chief complaint Description of how and when the problem started Duration of symptoms Aggravating and alleviating factors Examination of the Upper Extremity If an injury is involved: The environment in which the injury or insult occurred should be determined. If crush injury, are heat or chemicals involved? Was the environment clean or dirty? Past medical history is useful in the presence of systemic conditions that have manifestations in the hand. Anatomy Review Bones Distal radius and ulna Carpals metacarpals Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal Anatomy Review Joints DIP PIP M-P C-M DRUJ DRUJ Carpal-Metacarpal MetacarpalPhalangeal Proximal Interphalangeal Distal Interphalangeal Anatomy Review Muscles & Tendons Extrinsic Flexor tendons Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) Flexor digitorum profundis (FDP) Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) Anatomy Review Muscles & Tendons Extrinsic Extensor tendons Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris Anatomy Review Muscles & Tendons Extrinsic Extension of MP Flex of IP Intrinsic Abduct and adduct fingers Flexion of MP Extension of IP Anatomy Review Nerves Median Ulnar Radial Examination of the Hand and Wrist Complete exam: Observation Palpation Range of motion Neurologic testing Vascular assessment Stability testing Observation Hands at rest Curved posture Look for one finger curved Asymmetry Color Spooning or clubbing Muscle atrophy Palpation Lateral epicondyle Radial head Groove of ulnar nerve Olecranon Lister’s tubercle Radial/ulna styloid Snuffbox Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Neurologic Testing Sensory Light touch – pin prick Two-point descrimination Motor Median Ulnar Radial Neurologic Testing Motor testing OK sign FDP FDS FPL Vascular Examination Radial artery Located radial to the FCR Ulnar artery Located radial to the FCU Allen test Stability Testing Ulnar collateral ligaments Radial collateral ligaments Gamekeeper’s/ skier’s thumb Special Tests TAP Finklestein’s test Froment’s sign Watson test Shuck test Basal joint grind Compression test Phalen’s test Tinel’s sign Common Traumatic Injuries of the Hand Bone and Soft Tissue Considerations on Treating Hand Injuries Type of injury The patient Associated diseases Socioeconomic factors Ability to cooperate with treatment plan Motivation to get well Managing the patient Recognizing the injury Making the proper diagnosis Initiating the appropriate care plan Referrals Emergent referrals Open fractures Fractures with neurovascular compromise Significant soft tissue injury Irreducible dislocations or fractures with significant deformity Referrals Urgent referrals (next day or two) Closed flexor or extensor tendon injuries Displaced, angulated, or malrotated closed fractures Carpal bone and distal radius fractures History Complete history Hand dominance Occupation Avocations Circumstances surrounding the injury When and where Mechanism of injury Location and character of pain Numbness or tingling Radiographs Examine prior to ordering films Stress views are useful in demonstrating injuries not present on plain views Occasionally CT scan or MRI are needed to evaluate an injury Description of Fractures Be able to accurately describe a radiograph to a colleague Correct name of bone or joint involved Open or closed fracture Intraarticular or extraarticular Whether the fracture is shortened, displaced, malrotated, or angulated Fracture pattern Description of Dislocations Be able to accurately describe a dislocation Described with the position of the distal bone relative to the proximal bone Dorsal vs volar dislocation Radial vs ulnar dislocation Can have a combination of two Complications By far, the largest potential problem with any hand or wrist injury is stiffness. Soft tissue complications: Tendon adhesions Capsular contractures Fracture healing time Hand: 3-4 weeks Distal radius: 5-7 weeks Complications Bony complications: Malunion Angulation Malrotation Shortening Intra-articular step-off Nonunion is uncommon in hand or wrist Fractures of the Distal Phalanx The distal phalanx is the most common fracture in the hand, accounting for approximately 50% of hand fractures Fractures of the Distal Phalanx Applied Anatomy Extensor and flexor tendons insert into the base of the distal phalanx Routinely not a deforming fracture Fractures of the Distal Phalanx Mechanism of Injury Crush injury Sudden extension against a flexed finger (rugger jersey) Sudden flexion against an extended finger (baseball hitting end of extended finger) Fractures of the Distal Phalanx Associated Injuries Nailbed lacerations Nail plate avulsion Skin lacerations Subungal hematoma History and Physical Exam Check both flexor and extensor function Document sensory exam Fractures of the Distal Phalanx Radiographs 2 – 3 views to look for fracture Use hot light if needed Classification Longitudinal Transverse comminuted Treatment Non-displaced or minimally displaced can use variety of splints Immobilize the DIP only Reduce displaced fractures Open wounds may need more definitive treatment Fractures of the Distal Phalanx Outcomes Cold intolerance Tip sensitivity Stiffness Nailplate irregularities When to refer Open fractures in need of nail bed repair Large skin loss Suspected flexor or extensor tendon involvement Nailbed Injury Nailbed lacerations need to be repaired Use 6-0 absorbable to repair matrix Prevents nail growth problems Reinsert nail and secure Subungual Hematoma Results from blunt trauma to nail Very painful Relieved by Cautery Heated paperclip 18g needle Subungual Hematoma Clean with alcohol Instrument of choice Pierce nail Gauze for 24 hours Mallet Fingers (soft tissue and bony) Applied Anatomy Terminal extensor tendon inserts into the dorsum of the distal phalanx Mechanism of injury Occurs with a sudden flexion force against an extended digit Results in flexion deformity of the DIP joint Mallet Fingers (soft tissue and bony) History and Physical Exam Pain and deformity of the DIP joint after bumping the end of the finger Inability to straighten the end joint Test for tendon function Mallet Fingers (soft tissue and bony) Radiographs 2 views looking for dorsal avulsion fragment May be negative Classification Soft tissue (- x-ray) Bony (+ x-ray) Fleck Dorsal articular piece Subluxation of DIP joint Mallet Fingers (soft tissue and bony) Treatment Closed reduction Continuously splint DIP in full extension for 6 to 10 weeks Only immobilize the DIP Acceptable results may still be obtained with continuous extension splinting if it is as long as 2-3 months after initial trauma Flexor Tendon Avulsion Applied Anatomy Flexor digitorum profundus tendon inserts into the base of the distal phalanx Flexor Tendon Avulsion Mechanism of Injury Hyperextension against a flexed DIP joint Relatively uncommon, but devastating is missed Ring finger most commonly involved Flexor Tendon Avulsion Associated injuries None History and Physical Exam Pain on volar surface of digit May extend into palm with eccymosis Cannot flex tip Resting hand has extension of DIP joint No active flexion Flexor Tendon Avulsion Radiographs DIP to look for avulsion, but also hand to look for retracted segment Most are normal Classification Pure tendon avulsion Bony avulsion Flexor Tendon Avulsion Treatment Should be splinted and referred in a semi-urgent fashion Surgery is required Outcomes Results correlate with delay in treatment Early do well Postoperative hand therapy is important Middle and Proximal Phalangeal Fractures Applied Anatomy The central slip inserts into the proximal dorsal middle phalanx The flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) inserts into each side of the base of the middle phalanx Middle and Proximal Phalangeal Fractures Applied Anatomy Intrinsic muscles of the hand act to flex the MCP joints and extend the PIP and DIP through the actions of the lateral bands Middle and Proximal Phalangeal Fractures Mechanism of Injury Direct blow to the digit or a twisting injury Associated Injuries Open injuries Lacerations to tendons or neurovascular bundles Important to evaluate for DIP injuries History and Physical Exam Evaluate for malrotation Subtle fractures on x-ray can have significant malrotation when flexed Middle and Proximal Phalangeal Fractures Radiographs 3 views Evaluate joint proximal and distal Spiral fracture may appear on only 1 view Classification Location Midshaft Condylar Intra-articular Pattern Spiral Oblique Comminuted Transverse Avulsion Middle and Proximal Phalangeal Fractures Treatment Most can be treated non-surgically Protect range of motion Buddy tape What to refer Displaced, malrotated, joint involvement Comminuted, spiral, and oblique are unstable Stable nondisplaced Splint 8-10 days followed by buddy tape Follow-up x-ray 8-10 days to ensure no displacement Boutonniere Applied Anatomy When the central slip insertion at the base of the middle phalanx is disrupted, active PIP joint extension may be limited Boutonniere Applied Anatomy The flexed position of the PIP joint then allows the lateral bands to fall volar to the axis These lateral bands then act to flex the PIP joint further Tension pulls the DIP joint into extension Boutonniere Mechanism of Injury Acute flexion force to PIP joint PIP does not immediately fall into a flexed position Several weeks after the injury the digit assumes a buttonhole posture. Other mechanism include PIP dislocation and central slip lacerations History and Physical Exam Pain and swelling about PIP Inability to fully extend PIP DIP flexion is limited Longstanding cases PIP flexion Passive extension not possible Boutonniere Radiographs Most often negative Occasionally small fragments dorsally off middle phalanx Classifications Acute Chronic Stiff supple Boutonniere Treatment If not sure of central slip, assume it is and splint the PIP in full extension Acute boutonnieres 4 weeks of full extension splinting of PIP with active DIP flexion exercises Occasionally need surgery Chronic boutonnieres Hand therapy Possible surgery Proximal Interphalangeal Collateral Ligament Injuries and Dislocations Most common orthopedic hand injury that can result in long-term digital stiffness and impairment Proximal Interphalangeal Collateral Ligament Injuries and Dislocations Applied Anatomy PIP is a hinge Ligaments along palmar aspect volar plate Prevents hyperextension Related to volar plate are collateral ligaments Proximal Interphalangeal Collateral Ligament Injuries and Dislocations Applied Anatomy Each PIP joint has a radial and ulnar collateral ligament Tethers the PIP joint in its side-toside motion Ligaments fail when they are stretched past a certain point Proximal Interphalangeal Collateral Ligament Injuries and Dislocations Mechanism of Injury Sudden force directed to tip of digit results in hyperextension Spectrum ranging from slight hyperextension grade I sprain to frank dislocation Associated Injury If the skin tears open, it is an open dislocation History and Physical Exam Joint swollen and tender Test collateral ligaments to ascertain partial vs complete Proximal Interphalangeal Collateral Ligament Injuries and Dislocations Radiographs 2 views to check for fractures Post-reduction films if done Classifications I – do not compromise stability II – partial compromise, at risk for complete disruption III- complete disruption, can compromise stability Proximal Interphalangeal Collateral Ligament Injuries and Dislocations Treatment Early mobilization after a few days of splinting Buddy tape for 4 weeks A rare volar PIP joint dislocation requires 3-4 weeks of splinting in extension Outcomes These injuries can heal with some permanent fusiform swelling from scar tissue. Long term problem is not recurrent instability, but stiffness For this reason, early range of motion program is most often recommended Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries to the Thumb (Gamekeeper’s Thumb) The ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb is important for pinch strength and stability Because of its location, it is particularly vulnerable to injury Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries to the Thumb (Gamekeeper’s Thumb) Mechanism of Injury Combination of hyperextension and a radially directed force at the thumb MP joint (fall with a pole in the hand while skiing) History and Physical Exam Moderate swelling and eccymosis over ulnar side of MP joint In complete tears stress testing of UCL shows a poor endpoint Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries to the Thumb (Gamekeeper’s Thumb) Radiographs Typically negative Possible avulsion fragment off proximal phalanx or metacarpal Treatment Incomplete – nonoperatively (splint) Complete - surgically Bennett's Fracture Dislocation Most frequent of all thumb fracture Described in 1882 by Dr. Edward Bennet It is a fracture dislocation, intraarticular fracture at base of carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb Bennett's Fracture Dislocation Mechanism of Injury Results from axial blow directed against the partially flexed metacarpal; (ie. from fist fights) History and Physical Exam Moderate swelling and eccymosis over the CMC joint Pain with ROM or palpation Bennett's Fracture Dislocation Radiographs Oblique fracture line with a triangluar fragment at ulnar base of metacarpal Triangular fragment remains attached to trapezium w/ proximal displacement of the metacarpal Treatment Immobilization Referral for surgical pinning Infections of the Hand Conditions That Mimic Infection Gout Pyogenic granuloma Acute calcification Foreign body reaction Herpetic whitlow Metastatic lesions Pseudogout Rheumatoid arthritis Granuloma annulare Local reactions Paronychia Infection localized to the proximal and lateral skin folds of fingers and toes Staph aureus Group A or D Strep Pseudomonas Gram-negative bacteria anerobes Paronychia Clean area with alcohol or betadine Perform digital nerve block Area of greatest fluctuance Remove pus Debride nail if necessary Antibiotics Dressing Paronychia Felon Abscess of distal pulp Results from penetrating trauma Bacteria trough eccine sweat glands Pulp is tense and tender Significant edema Felon Fish-mouth incision Hockey-stick/ J-incision Transverse palmar incision Questions?