Download the mastoid process

The regional anatomy of head
CHAPTER 1 THE HEAD
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
Ⅰ. Boundaries :
lower border of mandible
—the angle of mandible
—the mastoid process
—the superior nuchal line
—the external occipital protuberance
Ⅱ. Divisions:
• the face
• the cranium
— supra-orbital margin— zygomatic
arch— superior margin of external
acoustic meatus— mastoid process.
Ⅲ. Surface anatomy:
1.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Surface landmarks:
frontal tuber
external occipital protuberance
pterion
supraorbital foramen
angle of mandible
mastoid process
infraorbital foramen
mental foramen
zygomatic arch
superior nuchal line
SECTION 2 THE CRANIUM
Ⅰ. Divisions:
• the vertex (calvaria)
 the frontoparietooccipital region
 the temporal region
• the base of cranium (base of skull)
 internal surface
 external surface
• the cavity of cranium (cranial cavity)
 brain
 meninges and blood vessels
 cranial nerves
Ⅱ. The vertex:
1. the frontoparietooccipital region :
• between the right and left temporal lines;
• from the eyebrow to the superior nuchal line
• The scalp: it consists of 5 layers:
 skin
 superficial fascia and
superficial structures
 epicranial aponeurosis
 subaponeurotic loose
connectiv tissue
 Pericraneum
• The scalp: it consists of 5 layers:
 skin
 superficial fascia and superficial structures
— the features
— the blood vessles
— the nerves
• The scalp: it consists of 5 layers:
 skin
 superficial fascia and superficial structures
— the features
— the blood vessles & nerves
Anterior group:
— supratrochlear a., v. and n.
— supraorbital a., v. and n.
Lateral group:
— superficial temporal a. and v.
auriculotemporal n.
— posterior auricular a. and v.
lesser occipital n.
Posterior group:
— occipital a. and v.
greater occipital n.and third occipital n.
• The scalp: it consists of 5 layers:
 skin
 superficial fascia and
superficial structures
 epicranial aponeurosis
 subaponeurotic loose
connectiv tissue
 pericraneum
• The scalp: it consists of 5 layers:
 skin
 superficial fascia and
superficial structures
 epicranial aponeurosis
 subaponeurotic loose
connectiv tissue
 pericraneum
Ⅲ. The cavernous sinus:
1. Position: It is on the both sides of the sella turcica
2. Contains:
•
Oculomotor n.
•
Trochlear n.
•
Ophthalmic n.
•
Maxillary n.
•
Internal carotid a.
•
Abducent n.
3. The communications of cavernous sinus:
SECTION 3 THE FACE
Ⅰ.The superficial structures:
1. Skin
2. Superficial fiscia and structures
•
Facial a.
•
Facial v.
•
Superficial lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
•
Branches of the trigeminal n.
•
Branches of facial n.
• Facial a.
• Facial v. ：
• Superficial lymphatic vessles—— submandibular lymph nodes
• The branches of the trigeminal n.
•Ophthalmic supraorbital n.
•Maxillary n.
•Mandibular n.
•The branches of facial n.
 temporal branches
 zygomatic branches
 buccal branches
 marginal mandibular
branches
 cervical branch
Ⅱ. The deep structures of lateral part of face:
1. The parotid gland:
•
The position:
•
The general feature: 2 parts—
superficial and deep parts
1. The parotid gland:
•
The position:
•
The general feature:
•
The fascia sheath of parotid gland
1. The parotid gland:
• The relationship:
Anteriorly: masseter, posterior border of ramus of mandible,
medial pterygoid
Posteriorly:
sternocleidomastoid,
posterior belly of digastric,
Posteromedially:
internal carotid a. and
internal jugular v.,
vagus n., accessory n.
and hypoglossal n.
Medially:
lateral wall of pharynx
1. The parotid gland:
• Structures passing through the gland: 2 groups
— external carotid a.
superficial temporal a. and v.
retromandibular v.
auriculotemporal n.
— maxillary a. and v.
transverse facial a. and v.
facial n. and it’s branches
1. The parotid gland:
• Parotid duct
• Parotid lymph nodes