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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College CHAPTER 7 The Skeleton: Part A Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Axial Skeleton • Consists of 80 bones • Three major regions • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Vertebral column Sacrum Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Figure 7.1a The Skull • Two sets of bones 1. Cranial bones • • Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity • Cranial vault (calvaria) • Cranial base: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skull 2. Facial bones • Framework of face • Cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell • Openings for air and food passage • Sties of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of cranium (cranial vault) Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones (a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2a Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa (b) Superior view of the cranial fossae Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2b Cranial Bones • Frontal bone • Parietal bones (2) • Occipital bone • Temporal bones (2) • Sphenoid bone • Ethmoid bone Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal Bone • Anterior portion of cranium • Most of anterior cranial fossa • Superior wall of orbits • Contains air-filled frontal sinus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular bone plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures • Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault • Four sutures mark the articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones: 1. Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone 2. Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones 3. Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and occipital bone 4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Coronal suture Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Zygomatic process Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Alveolar margins Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5a Occipital Bone • Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa • Articulates with 1st vertebra • Sites of attachment for the ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back muscles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture (b) Posterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. External occipital crest Occipital condyle Mastoid process Inferior nuchal line Figure 7.4b Maxilla (palatine process) Hard Palatine bone palate (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum Figure 7.6a Temporal Bones • Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor • Four major regions • Squamous • Tympanic • Mastoid • Petrous Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. External acoustic meatus Mastoid region Squamous region Zygomatic process Mastoid process Mandibular fossa Tympanic region Styloid process Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.8 Maxilla (palatine process) Hard Palatine bone palate (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum Figure 7.6a Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Crista galli Frontal bone Olfactory foramina Anterior cranial fossa Optic canal Sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum View Parietal bone Occipital bone (a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7a Sphenoid Bone • Complex, bat-shaped bone • Keystone bone • Articulates with all other cranial bones • Three pairs of processes • Greater wings • Lesser wings • Pterygoid processes Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Optic canal Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum (a) Superior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9a Body of sphenoid Greater wing Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Pterygoid process (b) Posterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9b Ethmoid Bone • Deepest skull bone • Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities • Contributes to medial wall of orbits Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Olfactory foramina Orbital plate Crista galli Cribriform plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Middle nasal concha Figure 7.10 Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular bone plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Crista galli Frontal bone Olfactory foramina Anterior cranial fossa Optic canal Sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum View Parietal bone Occipital bone (a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7a Sutural Bones • Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture (b) Posterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. External occipital crest Occipital condyle Mastoid process Inferior nuchal line Figure 7.4b Facial Bones • Mandible • Lacrimal bones (2) • Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) • Palatine bones (2) • Zygomatic bones (2) • Nasal bones (2) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. • Vomer • Inferior nasal conchae (2) Mandible • Lower jaw • Largest, strongest bone of face • Temporomandibular joint: only freely movable joint in skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch Mandibular condyle Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Ramus of mandible Alveolar margin Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible (a) Mandible, right lateral view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11a Maxillary Bones • Medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton • Keystone bones • Articulate with all other facial bones except mandible Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Zygomatic process (cut) Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin (b) Maxilla, right lateral view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11b Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular bone plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a Maxilla (palatine process) Hard Palatine bone palate (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum Figure 7.6a Zygomatic Bones • Cheekbones • Inferolateral margins of orbits Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular bone plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer Parietal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a Nasal Bones and Lacrimal Bones • Nasal bones • Form bridge of nose • Lacrimal bones • In medial walls of orbits • Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Ethmoid bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Zygomatic process Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Alveolar margins Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5a Palatine Bones and Vomer • Palatine bones • Posterior one-third of hard palate • Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity • Small part of the orbits Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. • Vomer • Plow shaped • Lower part of nasal septum Maxilla (palatine process) Hard Palatine bone palate (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum Figure 7.6a Inferior Nasal Conchae • Form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid Middle bone nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Sphenoid Sphenoid sinus Pterygoid bone process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14a Orbits • Encase eyes and lacrimal glands • Sites of attachment for eye muscles • Formed by parts of seven bones (next slide) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Roof of orbit Supraorbital notch Superior orbital fissure Optic canal • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone • Orbital plate of frontal bone Medial wall • Sphenoid body Lateral wall of orbit • Orbital plate of ethmoid bone • Zygomatic process of frontal bone • Frontal process of maxilla • Greater wing of sphenoid bone • Lacrimal bone • Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit Inferior orbital fissure • Orbital process of palatine bone Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone • Orbital surface of maxillary bone Infraorbital foramen • Zygomatic bone (b) Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13a Nasal Cavity • Roof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four bones • Ethmoid • Palatine bones • Maxillary bones • Inferior nasal conchae • Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage • Ethmoid • Vomer • Anterior septal cartilage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid Middle bone nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Sphenoid Sphenoid sinus Pterygoid bone process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14a Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Palatine bone Hard Palatine process palate of maxilla Vomer Alveolar margin of maxilla (b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14b Paranasal Sinuses • Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces • Lighten the skull • Enhance resonance of voice • Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus (a) Anterior aspect Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus (b) Medial aspect Figure 7.15 Hyoid Bone • Not a bone of the skull • Does not articulate directly with another bone • Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Greater horn Lesser horn Body Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12