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It’s just a matter of…. SEMANTICS Words can “contain” 2 types of meaning – Conceptual • Basic, essential components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of a word • AKA: DENOTED MEANING – Associative • What people perceive the word being associated with • AKA: CONNOTATIVE MEANING What are your associative meaning for the words: Change Hope Synonymy • Synonyms are words with the same meaning. • Big/large cheap/inexpensive • However, synonyms do not always have “total sameness.” • Context and associative meanings can make a difference (thesauruses don’t always work). Antonymy • Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. • Fast/slow happy/sad male/female • Like synonyms, there are some differences. Hyponymy • When a meaning is assumed in the meaning of another word, the relationship is hyponymy • This occurs when a word belongs to a category • “_______ is a kind of _________” • For example, a car is a kind of vehicle • These words are hyponymous Homophones • Words that have different written forms but are pronounced in the same way • “sound-alikes” • Great/grate break/brake sale/sail Homonymy • Homonyms – when a written form has two or more UNRELATED meanings • • • • Bank Fly Club Pen part of a river insect social organization writing instrument financial institution to look or be cool blunt weapon enclosed area All of these pairs of meanings are very different – NOT related. Polysemy • Polysemy—when a written form has RELATED meanings Mark Foot Run written symbol at the end of your leg moving quickly visible impression the end of a bed water flowing The meanings here are somewhat similar. Word Play • Usually used for comic effect • Often possible because of polysemy or homophones: – Mary had a little lamb. (The nursery rhyme) – Mary had a little lamb, some rice, and beans. • This is a play on words using a POLYSEMOUS word. –Why was 6 afraid of 7? Because 789.(ATE & EIGHT) • This is a play on words using HOMOPHONES. Collocations • These are groups of words that “go together” • These are based on our engrained sociocultural associations Example: Salt and ______. Ladies and ______. Also, usually occur in a fixed order: “Blue , red and white” sounds funny “gravy and biscuits” Fill in the blank with the FIRST WORD that comes to your mind. (All examples were taken from Folse, 2009.) figure ____ (separable phrasal verb) count ____ (non-separable phrasal verb) grow ____ (intransitive phrasal verb) introduce ____ (verb + preposition) complain ____ (verb + preposition) lose track ____ (idiom) trouble ____ (noun + preposition) ____ love (preposition + noun) once ____ a while (idiom) married ____ (adjective + preposition) _____ behalf of (three-word preposition) _____ night (idiomatic phrase) accustomed _____ (adjective + preposition) _____ pressure (preposition + noun)