Download HUMAN INTEGUMENT and MEMBRANES

BODY MEMBRANES
HUMAN INTEGUMENT
CHAPTER 3 and 4
SKIN AND BODY
MEMBRANES
 FUNCTION OF BODY
MEMBRANES
 LINE OR COVER BODY
SURFACES
 PROTECT BODY SURFACES
 LUBRICATE BODY
SURFACES
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 4.1
FUNCTIONS OF BODY
MEMBRANES
• MEMBRANES ARE
THIN LAYERS OF
TISSUE WHICH
COVER A SURFACE,
LINE A BODY
CAVITY, OR
DIVIDE A BODY
SPACE OR ORGAN.
CELL MEMBRANES
Classification of Body
Membranes
• EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
– CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
– MUCOUS MEMBRANE
– SEROUS MEMBRANE
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES
• CALLING THESE MEMBRANES
EPITHELIAL TISSUE IS INACCURATE
BECAUSE THESE TISSUES ALSO
INCLUDE AN UNDERLYING LAYER OF
CONNECTIVE TISSUE, THEREFORE,
THEY ARE ACTUALLY SIMPLE
ORGANS.
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
• CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE =
SKIN
– A DRY MEMBRANE
– OUTERMOST PROTECTIVE
BOUNDARY
– SUPERFICIAL EPIDERMIS
– KERATINIZED
STRATIFIED
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
– UNDERLYING DERMIS
– MOSTLY DENSE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• UNDERLYING LOOSE
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE (LAMINA
PROPRIA)
• LINES ALL BODY
CAVITIES
THAT OPEN TO THE
EXTERIOR BODY
SURFACE
• OFTEN ADAPTED
FOR ABSORPTION OR
SECRETION
SEROUS MEMBRANES
• UNDERLYING
AREOLAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• LINES OPEN BODY
CAVITIES THAT ARE
CLOSED TO THE
EXTERIOR OF THE
BODY
• SEROUS LAYERS
SEPARATED BY
SEROUS FLUID
SEROUS MEMBRANES
SPECIFIC SEROUS
MEMBRANES
• PERITONEUM
• ABDOMINAL
CAVITY
• PLEURA AROUND
THE
LUNGS
•PERICARDIUM
AROUND THE HEART
THE INTEGUMENT
LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY
(18-20 FT2). ALSO, THE MOST
EXTENSIVE SENSORY ORGAN OF
THE BODY FOR TACTILE,
THERMAL, AND PAIN STIMULI.
SKIN IS A CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
DERIVATIVES
SWEAT AND OIL GLANDS
HAIRS
NAILS
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
• YOUR SKIN OR
INTEGUMENT
• THE SUPERFICIAL
EPIDERMIS IS COMPOSED
OF A KERATINIZING
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM. THE
UNDERLYING DERMIS IS
MOSTLY DENSE FIBROUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• IT IS A DRY MEMBRANE
SKIN FUNCTIONS
• PROTECTS DEEPER TISSUES FROM:
– MECHANICAL DAMAGE
– CHEMICAL DAMAGE
– BACTERIAL DAMAGE
– THERMAL DAMAGE
– ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
– DESICCATION
BASIC SKIN FUNCTIONS
a closer look
• KEEPS OUT AND INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF
MICROORGANISMS
• PREVENTS DEHYDRATION OR BECOMING “WATER
LOGGED”
• PREVENTS THE LOSS OF HEAT
• REDUCES EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL
DAMAGE
• SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D
• AIDS IN EXCRETION OF UREA AND URIC ACID
• CUSHIONS MECHANICAL IMPACTS
• PROTECTS FROM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
• TACTILE CONNECTIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
• EVERYTHING YOU SEE ABOUT A PERSON CONSISTS
OF DEAD CELLS.
SKIN CHARACTERISTICS
•
•
•
•
LOW PH
CELL ARRANGEMENT- CLOSELY PACKED
CELL REPLACEMENT
KERATIN, FIBROUS PROTEIN THAT MAKES
EPIDERMIS A TOUGH PROTECTIVE LAYER
• TOPICAL CREAMS DEMONSTRATE THAT
THE PROTECTIVE QUALITIES ARE LIMITED
STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis
• ARRECTOR PILI
MUSCLE
WHEN CONTRACTED
PULL HAIR UPRIGHT.
• VESTIGIAL
MECHANISM.
EPIDERMAL LAYER
• EPIDERMIS THIN OUTER LAYER
CONTAINING TIGHTLY PACKED
EPIDERMAL CELLS AND KERATIN
(WATER PROOFING) COMPLETELY
RENEWED EVERY 30 DAYS.
• 5 LAYERS IN THICK SKIN
(FRICTION SKIN) AND 4 LAYERS IN
THIN SKIN.
• STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM WHICH CAN
KERATINIZE (BECOME HARD)
SKIN STRATA
• STRATUM CORNEUM
• STRATUM LUCIDUM
• STRATUM
GRANULOSUM
• STRATUM SPINOSUM
• STRATUM BASALE
MELANIN PRODUCED BY
MELANOCYTES
• A PIGMENT WHICH
RANGES FROM
YELLOW TO BROWN
TO BLACK PRODUCED
BY SPECIAL CELLS
CALLED
MELANOCYTES
WHICH ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR
SKIN
PIGMENTATION.
• DARKENING OCCURS
WITH INCREASING
AMOUNTS OF
SUNLIGHT.
• PRODUCED BY STRATUM BASALE
CELLS
• SHIELDING SUNNY SIDE OF DNA
• DARKER SKIN DOESN’T HAVE MORE
PIGMENT JUST MORE ACTIVE
PIGMENT
• MOLES, AND
FRECKLES OCCUR
WHEN MELANIN
PRODUCED BY
STRATUM BASALE
CELLS IS
CONCENTRATED
MELANIN
MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE
CONTROLS LEVELS OF MELANIN
LIGHT COMPLEXIONED SKIN MOSTLY
PRODUCE PHEOMELANIN, WHILE THOSE WITH
DARK COLORED SKIN MOSTLY PRODUCE
EUMELANIN.
MELANIN
• INDIVIDUALS DIFFER IN THE NUMBER AND SIZE
OF MELANIN PARTICLES. THE LATTER TWO
VARIABLES ARE MORE IMPORTANT IN
DETERMINING SKIN COLOR THAN THE
PERCENTAGES OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF
MELANIN.
• IN LIGHTER SKIN, COLOR IS ALSO AFFECTED BY
RED CELLS IN BLOOD FLOWING CLOSE TO THE
SKIN. TO A LESSER EXTENT, THE COLOR IS
AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE OF FAT UNDER THE
SKIN AND CAROTENE, A REDDISH-ORANGE
PIGMENT IN THE SKIN.
UV LIGHT
• ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT DIRECTLY
DAMAGES DNA LEADING TO
MUTATIONS; SECOND, IT PRODUCES
ACTIVATED OXYGEN MOLECULES
THAT IN TURN DAMAGE DNA AND
OTHER CELLULAR STRUCTURES; AND
THIRD, IT LEADS TO A LOCALIZED
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, THUS
BLOCKING THE BODY'S NATURAL
ANTI-CANCER DEFENSES.
• STRATUM BASALE CELLS PHAGOCYTIZE
OR EAT THE PIGMENT. THE MELANIN
FORMS A PROTECTIVE LAYER OVER
THEIR DNA FROM THE DAMAGING
EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION IN
SUNLIGHT.
SKIN COLOR ALTERATIONS
• REDNESS- REDDENED SKIN
• PALLOR OR BLANCHINGPALE SKIN
• JAUNDICE- YELLOW SKIN
• BRUISES- HEMATOMA
• COLOR OF VEINS THROUGH
SKIN
INDOOR TANNING
•DEVELOPING SKIN CANCER LATER IN
LIFE (UV- B)
•SUFFERING CATARACTS AND
RETINAL DAMAGE
•PREMATURELY AGES THE SKIN
•DEVELOPING ULTRAVIOLET LIGHTINDUCED SKIN RASHES WHEN YOU
EAT CERTAIN FOODS OR TAKE SOME
COMMON MEDICATIONS, SUCH AS
BIRTH CONTROL PILLS AND
ANTIHISTAMINES
“VITAMIN” D
• EACH OF THE FORMS OF VITAMIN D IS
HYDROPHOBIC, AND IS TRANSPORTED IN BLOOD
BOUND TO CARRIER PROTEINS
• SUNLIGHT AND SUPPLEMENTAL FOODS RESTORE
VITAMIN D
• VITAMIN D IS A STEROID HORMONE THAT HAS
LONG BEEN KNOWN FOR ITS IMPORTANT ROLE
IN REGULATING BODY LEVELS OF CALCIUM AND
PHOSPHORUS, IN MINERALIZATION OF BONE,
PROPER FUNCTIONING OF THE THYROID AND
PITUITARY GLANDS
• FINAL STAGE IS WITHIN THE KIDNEYS
DERMIS “YOUR HIDE”
• IS MUCH THICKER THAN
THE EPIDERMIS
• FUNCTIONS TO HOLD
THE BODY TOGETHER
AND TO SUSTAIN AND
SUPPORT THE
EPIDERMIS.
• CONSISTS OF BLOOD
VESSELS, NERVE
ENDINGS, LYMPH
VESSELS, SWEAT AND
OIL GLANDS.
DERMAL LAYERS
• PAPILLARY AREASLOOPED OR SWIRLED
RIDGE- ATTACHES TO
EPIDERMAL LAYER
• FINGERPRINTS ARE
RIDGES RETICULAR
AREAS- DEEPEST LAYER
CONTAIN PHAGOCYTES,
BLOOD VESSELS, SWEAT
AND OIL GLANDS, AND
DEEP PRESSURE
SENSORS.
• COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC
LAYERS
SKIN APPENDAGES
•
CUTANEOUS GLANDS
– SEBACEOUS GLANDS- OIL
GLANDS
• SEBUM = MIXTURE OF
OILY SUBSTANCES AND
FRAGMENTED CELLS.
– SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
• ECCRINE- ALL OVER THE
BODY
• APOCRINE- CONFINED
TO AXILLARY AND
GENITAL AREAS
Hair and Hair Follicles
• HAIR IS MOSTLY DEAD
PROTEIN
• LOST ITS ABILITIES TO
RETAIN HEAT OR SCARE
OTHER LIVING THINGS
• FUNCTIONS TO CUSHION
HEAD, FILTER
PARTICULATE MATTER
FROM GETTING INTO
LUNGS, AND CHANNEL
SWEAT AWAY FROM THE
EYES.
ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE
• SMOOTH MUSCLE
CONTRACTS WHEN
WE ARE COLD OR
FRIGHTENED,
THUS THE HAIR
BECOME ERECT.
• VESTIGIAL ORGAN
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYERHYPODERMIS
• SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE ACTS
BOTH AS AN INSULATOR,
CONSERVING BODY HEAT, AND AS
A SHOCK ABSORBER,
PROTECTING INTERNAL ORGANS
FROM INJURY.
• STORES FAT AS AN ENERGY
RESERVE IN THE EVENT EXTRA
CALORIES ARE NEEDED TO
POWER THE BODY.
• THE BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES,
LYMPH VESSELS, AND HAIR
FOLLICLES CROSS THROUGH THIS
LAYER.
NAILS
• YOUR NAILS
ARE MADE UP OF
LAYERS OF
KERATIN — A
PROTEIN THAT'S
ALSO FOUND IN
YOUR HAIR AND
SKIN.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
• ATHLETE’S FOOT
“TINEA PEDIS”
FUNGAL INFECTION
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
• BOILS AND
CARBUNCLES INFLAMMATION OF
HAIR FOLLICLES
AND SEBACEOUS
GLANDS
CAUSED BY
BACTERIA.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
• COLD SORES OR
FEVER BLISTERS
CAUSED BY THE
HERPES SIMPLEX
INFECTION. VIRUS
LOCALIZES IN A
CUTANEOUS
NERVE.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
• CONTACT
DERMATITIS CAUSED
BY THE EXPOSURE OF
THE SKIN TO
CHEMICALS SUCH AS
THOSE IN POISON IVY
THAT PROVOKE
ALLERGIC
RESPONSES.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
• IMPETIGO IS CAUSED
BY A HIGHLY
CONTAGIOUS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
INFECTION
CHARACTERIZED BY
A YELLOW CRUST.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
• PSORIASIS IS A
CHRONIC CONDITION
CHARACTERIZED BY
REDDENED
EPIDERMAL LESIONS.
BURNS
• CELL DEATH CAN
BE DUE TO
INTENSE HEAT,
ELECTRICITY,
CHEMICALS, OR
UV RADIATION.
BURNS EXPOSE
THE BODY TO
DEHYDRATION AND
INFECTIONS.
BURNS - “SUPERFICIAL
BURNS”
• 1ST DEGREE
BURNS ONLY
DAMAGE THE
EPIDERMIS WITH
THE AREAS
BECOMING RED
AND SWOLLEN.
BURNS – “PARTIAL THICKNESS
BURNS”
• 2ND DEGREE BURNS
INJURE DERMIS.
• SKIN IS PAINFUL
AND BLISTERS
APPEAR.
• INVOLVE INJURY
TO THE EPIDERMIS
AND THE UPPER
REGION OF THE
DERMIS.
BURNS – “FULL THICKNESS
BURNS”
• 3RD DEGREE BURNS
DESTROY FULL
THICKNESS OF THE
SKIN.
• NEED SKIN
GRAFTS.
RULE OF NINES
• IS USED TO ASSESS
BURN DAMAGE BY
DIVIDING THE BODY
INTO 11 AREAS, EACH
REPRESENTING
ABOUT 9% OF THE
TOTAL BODY
SURFACE.
• IF MELANOCYTES
TURN CANCEROUS
A MELANOMA
FORMS.
SKIN CANCER
• BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
• IN MEN, MELANOMA IS FOUND MOST OFTEN
ON THE AREA BETWEEN THE SHOULDERS
AND HIPS OR ON THE HEAD AND NECK.
• IN WOMEN, MELANOMA OFTEN DEVELOPS
ON THE LOWER LEGS. IT MAY ALSO APPEAR
UNDER THE FINGERNAILS OR TOENAILS OR
ON THE PALMS OR SOLES.
• THE CHANCE OF DEVELOPING MELANOMA
INCREASES WITH AGE AND IS ONE OF THE
MOST COMMON CANCERS.
TATTOOS
• INJECTS INK INTO
DERMIS LAYER,
THEREFORE IS
PERMANENT.
LIPOSUCTION
• LIPOSUCTION, THE MOST
COMMONLY PERFORMED
COSMETIC PROCEDURE IN
THE UNITED STATES.
• LIPOSUCTION CAN BE
PAINFUL, EXPENSIVE,
AND LIKE ALL SURGERY
CARRIES CERTAIN
HEALTH RISKS. FAT
COMES BACK!
FIRST FACE TRANSPLANT
2006
FRENCH WOMAN,
BITTEN OFF BY HER
PET DOG.
COMPLEX, WILL
TAKE REJECTION
DRUGS FOR REST OF
HER LIFE.
HAS HIGHER RISK OF
CANCER AND OTHER
MALADIES.
FACE IS IMMOBILE.
• FIRST FACE
TRANSPLANT
CURRENT STATUS
• CAN SMILE AND
BLINK
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/468
5202.stm