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Medical Terminology Acharaporn Sripusanapan, RN, PhD Faculty of Nursing, CMU June 15, 2007 Objective: correctly describe meaning of terminology in relation to disease, symptom, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing Groups of Terminology medical and health professions, equipment, pharmacology, numbers, positions, and directions, body systems I. Medical and Health Profession scientific studies, medical specialties, other health professions Medical and Health Profession: Scientific Studies Root Example Meaning audi/o audiology the science concerned with the sense of hearing cardio cardiology study of the heart and its functions dermato dermatology the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases gastro/entero gastroenterology the study of the stomach and intestine and their diseases hemato hematology the science dealing with the morphology of blood and blood – forming tissues and with their physiology and pathology uro urology the branch of medicine dealing with the urinary system in the female and the genitourinary system in male Medical and Health Profession: Medical Specialties Root Example Meaning physic physician an authorized practitioner of medicine gyneco gynecologist a physician who specializes in the diseases of the genital tract in women ophthalmo ophthalmologist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and prescribing treatment for defects, injuries, and diseases of the eye psych psychiatrist a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders radio radiologist a physician who specializes in the interpretation of x – rays and other radioactive substances used for diagnostic purposes obstetric obstetrician a physician who specializes in pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum pediatric pediatrician a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of children’s diseases Medical and Health Profession: Other Health Profession Specialty Title Meaning Chiropractic Chiropractor a person trained in the manipulation of the vertebral column Dentistry Dentist a physician who is concerned with the teeth and associated structures Medical Technology Medical a person who performs tests in a laboratory to Technician discover and control disease II. Equipment Suffix Meaning Example Definition -oscope instrument for visual inspection cystoscope instrument to examine the bladder -oscopy the procedure of visual inspection using an instrument colonoscopy examination of the upper part of the colon -ograph Instrument or machine that records electroencephalograph electrocardiograph instrument used to record electrical activity of the brain device that records the electrical impulses of the heart muscle -ography the procedure of using a machine, device, or instrument that records tomography process of cutting across and producing images of single layers of tissue -ogram record of the results of procedures angiogram x – ray recording of the blood vessels using radiopaque contrast medium III. Pharmacology: Drug Actions Term Meaning synergistic combined effects of certain drugs are greater than the sum total of individual drugs additive the effects of two drugs are equal to the sum of the effects of each cumulative the concentration of the drug increases in the body with each successive dose tolerance the drug dose must be increased to produce the same effect toxicity potentially harmful side effects resulting from use of the drug III. Pharmacology: Root words used in drug terms Term anti- (prefix): - arrhythmic - biotic - coagulant - diarrheal Meaning against: irregular heart beat growth of microorganisms blood clotting rapid flow (feces) through the intestines analgesic medication to relieve pain anesthesia without feeling (pain) laxative medication to relieve constipation diuretic medication to increase urine excretion IV. Numbers, Positions, & Directions Prefix Meaning Example Definition tri three tricuspid having three points, as a valve of the heart quadri four quadriplegic paralysis of all four limbs semi half (partially) semicircular shaped like a half circle ecto-, exo- outside exogenous originating outside or caused by factors outside the organism endo within endogenous produced within or caused by factors within the organism epi upon, over epigastric the upper and middle region of the abdomen sub under, near subcutaneous under the skin trans- across, through transverse transvaginal positioned across through the vagina Numbers, Positions, & Directions Term Definition anterior situated at or directed toward the front; opposite of posterior posterior directed toward or situated at the back; opposite of anterior cephalic pertaining to the head, or the head end of the body caudal situated toward the tail internal situated or occurring within or on the inside external situated or occurring on the outside peripheral an outward structure or surface; the portion of a system outside the central region sims the patient lies on his or her side and chest supine lying with the face upward, or on the dorsal surface prone lying face downward; or on the ventral surface V. Body Systems Integumentary system Gastrointestinal system Respiratory system Cardiovascular system Nervous system Genitourinary system Musculoskeletal system Endocrine system Body System: Integumentary Term Meaning subcutaneous beneath the skin biopsy removal of tissue from body for examination debridement removal of contaminated or devitalized tissue from a traumatic or infected lesion graft a tissue or organ for implantation or transplantation; a piece of skin transplanted to replace a lost portion of the skin carcinoma a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate surrounding tissues and to give rise to metastases cellulitis Inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Body System: Integumentary Term Meaning eczema Inflammation of the skin with redness, lesions, and itching alopecia baldness; hereditary or caused by chemotherapy fissure a narrow slit on the skin surface, e.g., anal fissure gangrene necrotic or dead tissue lesion any pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of tissue pruritis itching urticaria hives; transient elevated patches Body System: Integumentary Term Meaning vesicle a small blister containing liquid fissure a narrow slit on the skin surface, e.g., anal fissure gangrene necrotic or dead tissue lesion any pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of tissue pruritis itching urticaria hives; transient elevated patches vesicle a small blister containing liquid Body System: Gastrointestinal Term Meaning adhesions union of two surfaces normally separate appendicitis inflammation of the appendix, which may rupture cirrhosis chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue esophageal varices enlarged, incompetent veins in the distal esophagus caused by portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis hepatitis inflammation of the liver; may be type A or type B hernia protrusion of a portion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opining nausea an unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting Body System: Gastrointestinal Term Meaning ulcer a local defect of the surface of an organ or tissue, produced by sloughing of dead inflammatory tissue appendectomy excision of the appendix cholecystectomy excision of the gallbladder colostomy surgical creation of an opening (stoma) between the colon and the body surface herniorrhaphy surgical repair of a hernia, with suturing laparotomy incision through any part of the abdominal wall Body System: Gastrointestinal Term Meaning cholangiography X – ray examination of the bile ducts, using a radiopaque dye as a contrast medium ascites abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity gavage forced feeding, especially through a tube passed into the stomach; common for premature infants lavage washing out an organ, e.g., the stomach or bowel Body System: Respiratory Term Meaning atelectasis incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth, or collapse of the adult lung empyema pus in a body cavity hemothorax blood in the pleural thoracic cavity laryngitis inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi anoxia without oxygen cyanosis a bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood Body System: Respiratory Term Meaning dyspnea labored or difficult breathing expectorant an agent that promotes expectoration (to loosen secretion) hemoptysis the spitting of blood or of blood – stained sputum (from the lungs) hyperventilation increased rate and / or depth of respiration, e.g., from anxiety hypoxia insufficient oxygen lobectomy excision of a lobe of the lung Body System: Respiratory Term Meaning orthopnea difficult breathing except in the upright position percussion and auscultation (P&A) striking the body (e.g., chest) with short, sharp blows of the fingers, and listening for the sounds produced through a stethoscope pneumothorax air or gas in the pleural space; from trauma or from deliberate introduction sputum matter ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs, through the mouth tachypnea very rapid respiration Body System: Respiratory Term Meaning thoracentesis surgical puncture of the chest wall into the parietal cavity to remove fluid tracheostomy creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, e.g., insertion of a tube to facilitate ventilation x-ray examination visual record made using x – rays, for diagnostic examination of the chest; may be AP (anteroposterior) and LAT (side) views Body System: Cardiovascular Term Meaning artery a vessel in which blood flows away from the heart, carrying oxygenated blood veins a vessel in which blood flows toward the heart, carrying blood with little oxygen thrombocyte blood platelet plasma the fluid portion of the blood or lymph, without the cells; amber – clotting cells settle in the bottom; the clear plasma is on top platelet a disk-shaped structure in the blood, for blood coagulation; also called thrombocyte systolic pressure the contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially of the ventricles. The top number in a blood pressure reading Body System: Cardiovascular Term Meaning diastolic pressure the dilatation, or the period of dilatation of the heart, especially of the ventricles. The bottom number in a blood pressure reading anemia reduction below normal of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells in the blood; a symptom of various disorders aneurysm a sac formed by localized dilatation of an artery or vein angina pectoris pain in the chest, caused by decreased supply of oxygen to the heart muscle arteriosclerosis thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls, slowing the flow of blood Body System: Cardiovascular Term Meaning cardiac arrest cessation of heart function embolism the sudden blocking of an artery by an embolus ischemia deficiency of blood in a part; due to spasm of blood vessel, temporarily reducing blood flow stroke (cerebro- a sudden and acute vascular lesion of the brain caused by vascular accident) hemorrhage, embolism, thrombosis or rupturing blood vessels thrombophlebitis inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation angioplasty surgical or percutaneous reconstruction of blood vessels venipuncture puncture of a vein with a needle to withdraw blood or infuse fluid Body System: Nervous Term Meaning meninges the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord: dura matter, arachnoid, and pia mater cerebrospinal fluid fluid within the ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and the central canal of the spinal cord anencephaly congenital absence of the brain concussion a violent blow to the head hydrocephalus “water in the brain” a congenital or acquired condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull. shunt to bypass, e.g., using a catheter to drain fluid from brain cavities to the spinal cord Body System: Nervous Term craniotomy Meaning any operation on the cranium, e.g., puncture of the skull and removal of its contents to decrease the size of the head of a dead fetus and aid in delivery lumbar puncture spinal tap amnesia loss of memory delusion a false personal belief or opinion depression in psychiatry, a morbid sadness, or melancholy hallucination hearing or seeing things not really present melancholia worry, anxiety, and insomnia Body System: Nervous Term Meaning malingering make believe, e.g., pretending to be ill neurosis an emotional disorder caused by unresolved conflicts, anxiety being its chief characteristic; a person is still in touch with reality paranoid a person who is overly suspicious flaccid weak, soft, flabby; poor muscle tone paralysis inability to use muscles because of damage to the nervous system spastic uncontrollable and forced contractions syncope a faint; temporary loss of consciousness Body System: Genitourinary Term Meaning dialysis the process of using an artificial kidney to filter waste materials from the body hydronephrosis distention of the renal pelvis with urine, caused by obstruction of the ureter uremia retaining toxic body waste in blood ureterostomy creation of a new outlet for a ureter albuminuria abnormal presence of serum albumin (protein) in the urine anuria no urine blood urea nitrogen the urea (in terms of nitrogen) concentration of serum or (BUN) plasma; an important indicator of renal function Body System: Genitourinary Term Meaning dysuria painful or difficult urination hematuria the presence of blood in the urine intravenous pyelogram (IVP) a technique in radiology for examining the structures and evaluating the function of the urinary system pyuria pus in the urine urinalysis analysis of the urine, e.g., acidity, sugar level void to empty the bladder prostatectomy excision of all or part of the prostate vasectomy male sterilization by cutting or tying the vas deferens Body System: Genitourinary Term Meaning abortion expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception before the fetus is viable oophorectomy excision of one or both ovaries; female castration amniocentesis taking a sample of amniotic fluid during pregnancy for various reasons gestation period from conception to birth induction labor is initiated artificially, e.g., by a drug postpartum six – week period following childbirth prenatal before birth Body System: Musculoskeletal Term Meaning arthritis inflammation of a joint; inflammation of a bursa contracture permanent contraction of a muscle muscle atrophy wasting away of muscle from disuse paralysis loss of muscular contraction because of nerve damage fracture the breaking of a bone osteoporosis porous condition of bones; occurs primarily in postmenopausal women sarcoma a malignant tumor of bone amputation removal of a limb or other appendage of the body Body System: Endocrine Term adenoma Meaning a neoplasm of a gland diabetes mellitus A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin production or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin. Type I is juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM); type II is adult-onset or non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). exophthalmos protrusion of the eyeballs as seen in Graves’ disease glycosuria excess sugar in urine hyperglycemia excess sugar in the blood tetany irritability an spasms of muscles; may be caused by low blood calcium and other factors References Cohen, B. J. (1998). Medical terminology: An illustrated guide (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven. Frenay, A. C. (1989). Understanding medical terminology (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Catholic Hospital Association. Radcliff, R. K., & Ogden, S. J. (1977). Nursing and medical terminology: A workbook. Saint Louse, Mosby. Smeltzer, S. C., & Bare, B. G. (Eds.) (1996). Brunner and Suddaarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott. Stanfield, P. S., & Hui, Y. H. (1989). Medical terminology: Principles and practices with self-instructional modules. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett.