Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Integumentary System and Diseases
Document related concepts
Transcript
The Integumentary System Healthcare Science Technology Applications The Skin Has been called a membrane and an organ Most anatomy courses refer to it as a system Three main layers of the skin The Epidermis – the outermost layer The Dermis – also called true skin Subcutaneous – the innermost layer Epidermis Outermost layer Actually made of 5 – 6 smaller layers Has no blood vessels or nerve cells Cells are constantly shedding and being replaced Dermis True skin Has a framework of elastic connective tissue Contains blood vessels, nerves, involuntary muscle, sweat and oil glands and hair follicles Forms lines or ridges that we call fingerprints Subcutaneous Innermost layer Made of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and fatty tissue Connects the skin to the underlying muscles Seven Functions of the Integumentary System Protection – barrier to the sun, invasion of germs, holds in moisture Sensory Perception – respond to pain, pressure, temperature and touch Body Temp Regulation – blood vessels retain or loose heat Storage – fat, sugar, water, vitamins and salts Absorption – some medicines Excretion – salt and excess water Production – vitamin D Glands Sudoriferous (Sweat glands) – coiled tubes that extend through the dermis and open on the surface of the skin at pores Sebaceous (Oil glands) – Open onto hair follicles Hair Consists of a root which grows in a hollow tube (follicle) and a hair shaft Protects the body and covers all surfaces except palms of hands and soles of feet Nails Protect the fingers and toes from injury Made of dead epidermal cells packed closely together Pigmentation Melanin – brownish black pigment leads to yellow, brown or black skin tint. Melanin can be concentrated in small areas (freckles) Carotene – yellowish-red pigment also helps determine skin color A person who has an absence of color pigments is an albino – skin has a pinkish tint, hair is pale yellow or white Abnormal colors of the skin Erythema – a reddening of the skin caused by burns or congestion of blood in vessels Abnormal colors of the skin Jaundice – a yellowing of the skin caused by bile in the blood or diseases that involve destruction of red blood cells Abnormal colors of the skin Cyanosis – bluish discoloration caused by lack of oxygen Skin Eruptions Macules – flat spots on the skin (freckles) Papules – firm raised areas (pimples, syphilis) Vesicles – blisters or fluid filled sacs (chickenpox) Pustules – puss filled sacs (acne) Crusts – areas of dried pus and blood (scabs) Wheels – itchy, raised areas with irregular shapes (hives, insect bites) Ulcers – deep loss of skin surface (bedsore) Macules Papules Pimples Syphilis Vesicles Chicken Pox Pustules Smallpox Crusts Wheals Ulcers Ulcers occasionally need to be photographed To document size and stage For evaluation of dressing techniques Always obtain consent before photographing and remember….. Expose only what is necessary Photograph only affected areas Get a close up if possible Integumentary System Keep it healthy Diseases of the Integumentary System Acne Vulgaris Skin condition characterized by pustules (whiteheads), papules (red pimples, zits) and blackheads Inflammation of the sebaceous gland Gland produces too much oil - pores become blocked Acne vulgaris Commonly appears on the face and shoulders Usually occurs at adolescence 3 out of 4 teenagers have acne to some extent Acne Vulgaris Causes Hormonal changes Increased secretion of sebum Oily cosmetics and hair products Steroids High levels of humidity and sweating Despite popular belief – chocolate, nuts and other foods do NOT cause Acne Acne Vulgaris Symptoms papules, pustules, white heads and blackheads redness around skin eruptions crusting of skin eruptions scarring of the skin Acne Vulgaris Treatment frequent skin washing avoiding creams and heavy makeup avoid touching face antibiotic or Vitamin A ointment oral antibiotics ultraviolet light treatments Athlete’s foot Contagious fungal infection – usually of the feet Causes closed shoes keeping feet wet excessive sweating direct contact - shower or pool surfaces Athlete’s foot Symptoms cracked, flaking, peeling skin between the toes red and itchy burning or stinging blisters Athlete’s foot Athlete’s foot Treatment over the counter antifungal powders or creams keep feet clean and dry wash feet thoroughly with soap and water wear clean, cotton socks change socks and shoes often Cancer of the skin Uncontrolled growth of skin cells If left unchecked - can spread to other tissue and organs Frequently develops from a mole Causes exposure to the sun chemicals or radiation abnormal growth of cells in the epidermis Cancer of the skin Risk factors Complexion – light-colored skin, hair and eyes Genetics – family history increases risk Age – > 40 Sun burn – ears, nose, hands Cancer of the skin Symptoms Many different appearances small, shiny scaly and rough firm and red crusty or bleeding asymmetry, irregular boarders, color, diameter Cancer of the skin Treatment Scraping Cauterization Freezing Surgical removal Radiation Prevention!! Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin caused by many factors Most frequently an allergic reaction detergents cosmetics pollen foods poison ivy or poison oak Dermatitis Symptoms dry skin redness itching tenderness rash scaling Dermatitis Treatment Initial – wash with lots of water Further exposure to known irritants should be avoided Long term treatment eliminate the cause (cats, carpet, change detergent) anti-inflammatory ointments, antihistamines, steroids Eczema A noncontagious disorder caused by an allergen or irritant Most common in infants In adults – a chronic condition Causes irritants diet cosmetics medications emotional stress Eczema Symptoms Dryness, redness, itching Rash, dry leathery skin areas Vesicles, crusts and scaling Eczema Eczema Treatment Varies depending on appearance Remove the irritant Chronic thickened areas - ointments or creams that contain tar Steroids to reduce swelling Impetigo Highly contagious disease Caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria Superficial - appears red with yellow or golden crusts Frequently in children on face, upper trunk and arms Impetigo Symptoms Redness Itching Oozing vesicles, pustules Yellow crust Impetigo Treatment Goal - cure the infection and relieve the symptoms Antibacterial creams Wash with soap and water Keep dry Sometimes oral antibiotics are needed Psoriasis Common, chronic skin disorder Approximately 3 million Americans affected Most commonly begins between ages 15 and 35 An inherited disorder Most commonly seen on truck, elbows, knees, scalp Psoriasis Caused by build up of dead skin cells Symptoms – thick red areas covered with white or silver scales May crack and become painful Psoriasis Treatment No cure Control symptoms and prevent infection Shampoos, coal/tar ointments Ultraviolet light Scale removal Ringworm Highly contagious fungus infection of the skin or scalp NOT caused by a worm Direct contact or contact combs, clothes, shower or pool surfaces Can be transmitted from pets to humans Ringworm Symptoms Flat or raised circular area Clear center surrounded by an itchy, scaly or crusty ring If scalp or beard – bald patches Nails – discolored, thick, crumble Ringworm Treatment Keep skin clean and dry Apply over-the counter cream or lotion Severe or persistent infection – see MD Treat infected pets Verrucae (warts) Small usually painless growths on the skin Generally harmless - can be disfiguring and embarrassing Occasionally can itch or hurt (soles of feet) Caused by a virus Verrucae (warts) Symptoms Raised round or oval growth – rough Light, dark or rarely black Occur on face, arms, legs, hands and/or feet Verrucae (warts) Treatment Some disappear spontaneously Others - electricity, liquid nitrogen, acid or chemicals Duct tape It’s the only skin you’ve got….keep it healthy!
