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OCTOBER 2, 2013 STANDARD: SAP2a Relate the structure of the integumentary system to its functional role in protecting the body and maintaining homeostasis. EQ: How does the integumentary system protect the body? Warm-Up: Complete ARG 46.4 (on your desk). Write the answers only in your composition book. What if you were shopping for a coat and you were told by the sales person it’s waterproof, stretchable, washable, permanent-press, repairs small cuts, rips and burns, and is guaranteed to last a life-time with reasonable care, would you buy it? http://app.discoveryeducation.com/ search?Ntt=tattoos+skin SKIN, GLANDS, HAIR, & NAILS Skin – vital to homeostasis • Functions: 1. Protective covering 2. Aids in regulation of body temperature 3. Retards the loss of water from the body OCTOBER 4, 2013 EQ: What is the structure of the integument? WARM-UP: RIDDLES!!! COPY & SOLVE 1. What two things can you never eat for breakfast? Lunch and Dinner 2. While on my way to St. Ives, I saw a man with 7 wives. Each wife had 7 sacks. Each sack had 7 cats. Each cat had 7 kittens. Kittens, cats, sacks, wives. How many were going to St. Ives? Just one -the man 3. I can be found where anything cannot, dead men eat me all the time, but if a living man eats me, he will die. What am I? Nothing Layers of Skin 1. Epidermis Stratified squamous epithelium – Surface of the skin – No blood supply a. Stratum basale- constantly dividing, well nourished b. Stratum spinosum-flatter & keratinize & die c. Stratum granulosum-same as (spinosum) d. Stratum lucidum-only found in skin that is hairless e. Stratum corneum-20-30 cell layers thick, ¾ of epidermal thickness 2. Dermis- your “hide”-ex. belts, bags,& shoes • The dermis binds the epidermis to underlying tissues. • The dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands. • These blood vessels are important to the process of thermoregulation. • 3. Hypodermis- below the dermis; adipose tissue (shock absorber)- responsible for curves • Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)– found beneath the dermis; contains CT and adipose tissue (fat) to insulate the body. CELLULAR MATURITY: 1. As cells mature, they undergo keratinization (cytoplasm develops strands of keratin to harden cells). 2. As cells move toward the surface, they lose their nutrient supply (blood). 3. These cells eventually die and are quickly replaced. Melanin: yellow-brown • Dark pigment found in the stratum basale; produced by melanocytes. • Pigment absorbs light energy, protecting deeper cells from damaging effects of sunlight. • Melanocytes have long, pigmentcontaining extensions that pass between epidermal cells – extensions can transfer melanin to upper level of epidermal cells (suntan). Several factors influence the color of a person’s skin: • People whose genes code for a large amount of melanin have darker skin. • Environmental factors – sunlight stimulates additional pigment to be produced. • The amount of oxygen in the blood in the dermal vessels (pink or blue tint to skin). • Emotional stimuli- blush=red, pale=white, jaundice=yellow, bruise=black & blue SKIN STRUCTURE QUIZ 1-2.Name 2 functions of skin? Protection Fluid retention and excretion Vitamin D production Houses nerve receptors for pain and temperature 3. Which layer is composed of adipose tissue? Hypodermis/subcutaneous tissue 4. Which of the 5 zones of the epidermis is closest to the dermis? Stratum Basale 5-6. Name 2 things found in the dermis? blood vessels, CT, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sweat glands & sebaceous glands 7. What is the thickest layer of skin? Dermis OCTOBER 8, 2013 EQ: How do accessory organs help in maintaining homeostasis? Identify the parts of the skin: 1 2 3 1.Take out two sheets of paper and number one of them from (1-10) (you need the other one later) 2. Head it “Skin Structure Quiz” 3. Put your technology in your bag or purse. 4. Take everything else off of your desk. Decubitus Ulcers • Also known as bedsores. • Pressure results in interruption of blood flow to an area of the skin. • The tissue in that area dies. Accessory Organs of the Skin EXOCRINE GLANDS 1. Sebaceous glands-”seb” (grease) • Produce sebum (a mixture of fat and cellular debris), keeps skin soft and waterproof. • Sebaceous glands- can be overactive due to hormonal changes during puberty • Excessive secretions cause the openings of hair follicles to become dilated and plugged, causing blackheads. • What causes pimples/acne? • presence of pus-forming bacteria 2. Sweat glands-sudoriferous (sudorsweat) 2 types : eccrine-found all over the body secrete: water, salts, Vit. C, urea, uric acid, & lactic acid apocrine- found in axillary & genitals (larger) secrete: fatty acids & proteins + secretions of eccrine gland *activated by pain, stress, sexual foreplay NAILS *Protect the ends of fingers and toes. *Stratified squamous epithelium with much keratin. Hair follicles • A hair develops from a group of epidermal cells at the base of the hair follicle. • A hair is composed of dead epidermal cells that are pushed toward the surface. • Arrector pili muscle – attached to hair follicle. When this muscle contracts, the hair stands on end (cold or upset). HAIR 1. Hair color – abundance of melanin (dark hair), some melanin (blonde hair). 2. Shapes of hair shaft: *Oval- produces wavy, silky hair *Flat, ribbonlike- produces curly, kinky hair *Round- produces straight, coarse hair Thermoregulation 1. Excessive heat – Hyperthermia • Hypothalamus signals blood vessels to dilate; more heat carrying blood reaches the dermis – heat escapes to the outside. • Eccrine glands release water onto surface of the skin – the water evaporates, carrying heat with it. • Heart rate increases – blood is moved from deeper tissues to the skin. • Breathing rate increases – heat is lost from lungs as air is moved in and out. 2. Hypothermia - lowered body temperature *Dermal blood vessels contract; this reduces heat loss. *Shivering – muscle contractions create body heat. *Heart rate decreases – blood is moved from surface to deep tissues. *Breathing rate decreases – to minimize heat lost. Face Transplant OCTOBER 16, 2013 SAP2a EQ: How do skin cancers affect the bodies ability to maintain homeostasis? WARM-UP: (Write questions and answers) 1. What are the two major life-threatening concerns when a person has 3rd degree burns? 2. What do we call burns that only affect the epidermis and the upper part of the dermis? 3. What happens 24hrs after a third degree burn? Skin Cancers I. Basal Cell Carcinoma • • • • • Least malignant cancer, most common (30% of all caucasians get one in their lifetime). Originate in stratum basale of epidermis. Fully cured by surgery in 99% of cases. Result from effect of sunlight on DNA of epithelial cells. Closely related to regular sun exposure. II. Squamous cell carcinoma 1. Arises from cells of stratum spinosum 2. Grows faster, more likely to metastasize (spread). 3. Found on scalp, ears, lower lip, hands-scaly reddened elevation. 4. Sun-induced 5. If caught early, prognosis is good. III. Malignant Melanoma 1. Originate in melanocytes; pigmented lesions 2. Begins as a spreading brown or black patch 3. Rapid metastasis to surrounding lymph and blood vessels 4. Irregular margins 5. Related to short, intensive exposure to sunlight 6. 1/3 develop from pre-existing moles ABCDE rule for skin cancers A = assymetry B = border irregularity (indentions) C = color (several colors, blues, reds) D = diameter (larger than 6 mm) E = elevation above surface of the skin OCTOBER 16, 2012 WARM-UP: Standard: SAP2a EQ: How can burns effect homeostasis in the human body? Complete Review Questions pg 131 (11-14), answers only (I’ll be coming around to check for completion before we go over it) Burns • Tissue damage caused by intense heat, causing cell death. • Immediate threat to survival – catastrophic loss of body fluids from burned surfaces leading to dehydration. • This imbalance can lead to renal (kidneys) shutdown and shock. • Burn patients need thousands of extra calories to replace lost proteins and allow tissue repair. • Infection is the leading cause of death in burn victims. 1. Burned skin is sterile for 24 hours, then bacteria and fungi invade areas where skin barrier is destroyed. 2. Bacteria and fungi are nourished by the dead tissue and protein-rich fluid lost from burned surfaces. Categories of Burns First degree burns 1. Only epidermis is damaged 2. Symptoms: redness, swelling, pain 3. Heals in 2-3 days without attention *Example: sunburn Second degree burns (1st and 2nd are called partial-thickness burns) 1. Epidermis plus upper region of dermis is damaged 2. Redness plus blisters 3. Skin regeneration within 3-4 weeks Third degree burns (full-thickness burns) 1. Burned area is gray, red, or blackened 2. No pain at first – nerve endings are destroyed 3. Because of fluid loss, patient can’t wait for epithelial regeneration; skin graft is necessary. 4. Dead skin is removed; area is flooded with antibiotics and covered with synthetic skin, cadaver skin, or amniotic sac. 5. Autograft – healthy skin is transplanted from one area of patient to damaged area.